{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7151413179","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icmla66185.2025.00230","title":"Efficient Visual Cyberbullying Detection via Knowledge Distillation from EfficientNet to Lightweight CNNs","display_name":"Efficient Visual Cyberbullying Detection via Knowledge Distillation from EfficientNet to Lightweight CNNs","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7151413179","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icmla66185.2025.00230"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icmla66185.2025.00230","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icmla66185.2025.00230","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 International Conference on Machine Learning and Applications (ICMLA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106105879","display_name":"Pal Dave","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35777872","display_name":"North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University","ror":"https://ror.org/02aze4h65","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35777872"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Pal Dave","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina A&T State University,Computer Science Department,Greensboro,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina A&T State University,Computer Science Department,Greensboro,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35777872"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111306239","display_name":"Subhram Dasgupta","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35777872","display_name":"North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University","ror":"https://ror.org/02aze4h65","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35777872"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Subhram Dasgupta","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina A&T State University,Computer Science Department,Greensboro,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina A&T State University,Computer Science Department,Greensboro,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35777872"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091951066","display_name":"Kushal Badal","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35777872","display_name":"North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University","ror":"https://ror.org/02aze4h65","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35777872"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kushal Badal","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina A&T State University,Computer Science Department,Greensboro,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina A&T State University,Computer Science Department,Greensboro,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35777872"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078766422","display_name":"Xiaohong Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1295-9812"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35777872","display_name":"North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University","ror":"https://ror.org/02aze4h65","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35777872"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaohong Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina A&T State University,Computer Science Department,Greensboro,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina A&T State University,Computer Science Department,Greensboro,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35777872"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133132494","display_name":"Kaushik Roy","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35777872","display_name":"North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University","ror":"https://ror.org/02aze4h65","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35777872"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaushik Roy","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina A&T State University,Computer Science Department,Greensboro,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina A&T State University,Computer Science Department,Greensboro,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35777872"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5106105879"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35777872"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87283451,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"623","last_page":"630"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.429500013589859,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.429500013589859,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.06159999966621399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10485","display_name":"Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression","score":0.04190000146627426,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distillation","display_name":"Distillation","score":0.37529999017715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.31610000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.3061999976634979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.3010999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.29600000381469727}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6259999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.475600004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204030448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101017","display_name":"Distillation","level":2,"score":0.37529999017715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3384000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.31610000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.3061999976634979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3010999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.29600000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.29109999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115925183","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412694","display_name":"Knowledge-based systems","level":2,"score":0.2809999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.28040000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.27379998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.27300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.2669999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.2565999925136566}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icmla66185.2025.00230","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icmla66185.2025.00230","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 International Conference on Machine Learning and Applications (ICMLA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2752782242","https://openalex.org/W2765793020","https://openalex.org/W2783538964","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W3136177841","https://openalex.org/W3176482836","https://openalex.org/W4281570478","https://openalex.org/W4313196263","https://openalex.org/W4376876748","https://openalex.org/W4385977411","https://openalex.org/W4387713658","https://openalex.org/W4388683434","https://openalex.org/W4399377445","https://openalex.org/W4401108361","https://openalex.org/W4401116256","https://openalex.org/W4401386925","https://openalex.org/W4405316059","https://openalex.org/W4406697977","https://openalex.org/W4409510656","https://openalex.org/W4410852645"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,97,144,192],"rise":[1,11],"of":[2,40,89,159],"social":[3],"media":[4],"platforms":[5],"has":[6],"resulted":[7],"in":[8,12,32,71,122,185,235],"a":[9,46,55,83,90,181],"significant":[10],"cyberbullying,":[13],"especially":[14],"through":[15],"visual":[16,202],"content":[17,237],"that":[18,57,151,196,228],"can":[19],"inflict":[20],"considerable":[21,189],"psychological":[22],"damage":[23],"on":[24,147],"victims.":[25],"Although":[26],"current":[27],"methods":[28],"have":[29],"shown":[30],"effectiveness":[31],"identifying":[33],"cyberbullying":[34,42,70,214],"via":[35],"textual":[36],"analysis,":[37],"the":[38,102,152,163,219],"detection":[39],"image-based":[41],"continues":[43],"to":[44,61,68,86,105,137],"be":[45],"significantly":[47,175],"underexplored":[48],"and":[49,65,120,135,209,224,232],"important":[50],"issue.":[51],"This":[52,73,179,216],"study":[53,74,217],"introduces":[54],"framework":[56],"uses":[58],"knowledge":[59,98],"distillation":[60,99],"develop":[62],"an":[63,157],"efficient":[64,223],"interpretable":[66,225],"system":[67],"detect":[69],"images.":[72],"employs":[75],"EfficientNet-B5,":[76],"which":[77],"incorporates":[78],"dual":[79],"attention":[80],"mechanisms,":[81],"as":[82,132],"teacher":[84,154],"model":[85,104,142,155,167,198],"facilitate":[87],"training":[88],"lightweight":[91],"enhanced":[92,164],"sequential":[93],"CNN":[94,165],"student":[95,103,166],"model.":[96],"process":[100],"allows":[101],"achieve":[106],"competitive":[107,169],"performance":[108,170,186],"while":[109,187],"ensuring":[110],"appropriate":[111],"computational":[112,177],"efficiency":[113,190],"for":[114,222],"real-time":[115],"deployment.":[116],"To":[117],"improve":[118,229],"transparency":[119,234],"trust":[121],"automated":[123,236],"decision":[124],"making,":[125],"we":[126],"incorporate":[127],"various":[128],"explainability":[129,193],"techniques":[130],"such":[131],"GradCAM,":[133],"GradCAM++,":[134],"LayerCAM":[136],"offer":[138],"detailed":[139],"insight":[140],"into":[141],"predictions.":[143],"experimental":[145],"results":[146],"19,300":[148],"images":[149],"indicate":[150],"EfficientNet-B5":[153],"achieves":[156],"accuracy":[158],"98.34%.":[160],"In":[161],"contrast,":[162],"maintains":[168],"with":[171,213],"96.59%":[172],"accuracy,":[173],"utilizing":[174],"fewer":[176],"resources.":[178],"reflects":[180],"mere":[182],"1.75%":[183],"decrease":[184],"making":[188],"improvements.":[191],"analysis":[194],"demonstrates":[195],"our":[197],"effectively":[199],"identifies":[200],"pertinent":[201],"cues,":[203],"including":[204],"threatening":[205],"gestures,":[206],"offensive":[207],"symbols,":[208],"contextual":[210],"elements":[211],"associated":[212],"behavior.":[215],"addresses":[218],"increasing":[220],"demand":[221],"AI":[226],"systems":[227],"online":[230],"safety":[231],"ensure":[233],"management":[238],"processes.":[239]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T06:08:40.794217","created_date":"2026-04-08T00:00:00"}