{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415708413","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icme59968.2025.11209520","title":"BiFD: A Bidirectional Feature Discrepancy Defense against Hijacking Attack in Split Learning","display_name":"BiFD: A Bidirectional Feature Discrepancy Defense against Hijacking Attack in Split Learning","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415708413","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icme59968.2025.11209520"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icme59968.2025.11209520","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icme59968.2025.11209520","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102026550","display_name":"Xiaoyang Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4562-1607"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyang Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wuhan University,Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Ministry of Education, School of Cyber Science and Engineering"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wuhan University,Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Ministry of Education, School of Cyber Science and Engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104298362","display_name":"Wenzhe Yi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenzhe Yi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wuhan University,Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Ministry of Education, School of Cyber Science and Engineering"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wuhan University,Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Ministry of Education, School of Cyber Science and Engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100718605","display_name":"Juan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7475-9875"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wuhan University,Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Ministry of Education, School of Cyber Science and Engineering"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wuhan University,Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Ministry of Education, School of Cyber Science and Engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031843438","display_name":"Yong Zhuang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4324-1571"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yong Zhuang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wuhan University,Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Ministry of Education, School of Cyber Science and Engineering"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wuhan University,Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Ministry of Education, School of Cyber Science and Engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078273319","display_name":"Mengda Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7808-852X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mengda Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wuhan University,Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Ministry of Education, School of Cyber Science and Engineering"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wuhan University,Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Ministry of Education, School of Cyber Science and Engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100728533","display_name":"Ziang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1015-5594"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wuhan University,Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Ministry of Education, School of Cyber Science and Engineering"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wuhan University,Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Ministry of Education, School of Cyber Science and Engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064040871","display_name":"Yaxin Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5814-6168"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaxin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wuhan University,Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Ministry of Education, School of Cyber Science and Engineering"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wuhan University,Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Ministry of Education, School of Cyber Science and Engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.5845000147819519,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.5845000147819519,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.31459999084472656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.029100000858306885,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.7311999797821045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.598800003528595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.5748999714851379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5422000288963318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.41530001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-feature","display_name":"Semantic feature","score":0.41499999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-learning","display_name":"Feature learning","score":0.38429999351501465}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.7311999797821045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.598800003528595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.5748999714851379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5544000267982483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5422000288963318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.41530001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781122975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16928266","display_name":"Semantic feature","level":2,"score":0.41499999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4115000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59404180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17013334","display_name":"Feature learning","level":2,"score":0.38429999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.3714999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65856478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3991682","display_name":"Attack model","level":2,"score":0.3547999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.34139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992525071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50818671","display_name":"Federated learning","level":2,"score":0.3312999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.31940001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.31869998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.3149000108242035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140547941","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7797194","display_name":"Threat model","level":2,"score":0.3125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.2881999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.25769999623298645}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icme59968.2025.11209520","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icme59968.2025.11209520","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329860","display_name":"National Science and Technology Major Project","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1834627138","https://openalex.org/W2051224630","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2133665775","https://openalex.org/W2145979309","https://openalex.org/W2962785568","https://openalex.org/W2997378229","https://openalex.org/W3091884625","https://openalex.org/W3213008925","https://openalex.org/W4296411155","https://openalex.org/W4307823718","https://openalex.org/W4324007921","https://openalex.org/W4402753937"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Split":[0],"Learning":[1],"(SL)":[2],"is":[3],"a":[4,23,78,111],"widely":[5],"adopted":[6],"distributed":[7],"privacy-preserving":[8],"training":[9],"paradigm":[10],"with":[11],"minimal":[12],"computational":[13],"overhead":[14],"for":[15],"clients.":[16],"However,":[17,56],"Feature-Space":[18],"Hijacking":[19],"Attack":[20],"(FSHA)":[21],"poses":[22],"significant":[24],"threat":[25],"against":[26],"SL,":[27],"where":[28],"the":[29,32,50,54,133],"server":[30],"manipulates":[31],"client's":[33],"optimization":[34],"process,":[35],"compromising":[36],"input":[37],"privacy.":[38],"Some":[39],"studies":[40],"propose":[41,77],"that":[42,99],"clients":[43],"can":[44],"detect":[45],"potential":[46],"hijacking":[47],"by":[48,53],"monitoring":[49],"gradients":[51],"returned":[52],"server.":[55],"these":[57],"gradient-based":[58],"methods":[59],"are":[60,102],"vulnerable":[61],"to":[62,68,91,104,108],"adversarial":[63],"anti-detection":[64],"and":[65,106,116,129,135],"lack":[66],"robustness":[67],"changes":[69],"in":[70,121],"model":[71,130],"architecture.":[72],"In":[73],"this":[74],"paper,":[75],"we":[76],"novel":[79],"detection":[80],"method":[81],"named":[82],"Bidirectional":[83],"Feature":[84],"Discrepancy":[85],"Defense":[86],"(BiFD),":[87],"which":[88],"leverages":[89],"features":[90,101],"capture":[92],"richer":[93],"semantic":[94],"information.":[95],"We":[96],"also":[97],"observe":[98],"hijacked":[100],"easier":[103],"reconstruct":[105],"harder":[107],"classify,":[109],"providing":[110],"key":[112],"distinction":[113],"between":[114],"malicious":[115],"honest":[117],"servers\u2014an":[118],"aspect":[119],"overlooked":[120],"previous":[122],"works.":[123],"Extensive":[124],"results":[125],"across":[126],"multiple":[127],"datasets":[128],"architectures":[131],"demonstrate":[132],"excellent":[134],"robust":[136],"performance":[137],"of":[138],"BiFD.":[139]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-30T00:00:00"}
