{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415708137","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icme59968.2025.11209184","title":"AU-TTT: Vision Test-Time Training model for Facial Action Unit Detection","display_name":"AU-TTT: Vision Test-Time Training model for Facial Action Unit Detection","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415708137","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icme59968.2025.11209184"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icme59968.2025.11209184","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icme59968.2025.11209184","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://lutpub.lut.fi/handle/10024/170641","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059997187","display_name":"Bohao Xing","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5924-4178"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63548447","display_name":"Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0208vgz68","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63548447"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bohao Xing","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT,Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT,Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63548447"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101316448","display_name":"Kaishen Yuan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaishen Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,Guangzhou,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,Guangzhou,China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103099781","display_name":"Zitong Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0422-6616"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132298","display_name":"Great Lakes Research Group (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03xerja39","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132298"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zitong Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Great Bay University,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Great Bay University,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132298"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058509635","display_name":"Xin Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2242-6139"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63548447","display_name":"Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0208vgz68","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63548447"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT,Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT,Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63548447"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018012580","display_name":"Heikki K\u00e4lvi\u00e4inen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0790-6847"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63548447","display_name":"Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0208vgz68","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63548447"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heikki K\u00e4lvi\u00e4inen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT,Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT,Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63548447"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5059997187"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63548447"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.0356,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94159977,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9905999898910522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9905999898910522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.0013000000035390258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.0012000000569969416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalizability-theory","display_name":"Generalizability theory","score":0.5724999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.5475000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overfitting","display_name":"Overfitting","score":0.5339999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.49380001425743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-detection-and-isolation","display_name":"Fault detection and isolation","score":0.4113999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-detection","display_name":"Face detection","score":0.37400001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.3643999993801117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3564000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.35100001096725464}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7286999821662903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6388000249862671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27158222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532422","display_name":"Generalizability theory","level":2,"score":0.5724999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.5475000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5472999811172485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22019652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331309","display_name":"Overfitting","level":3,"score":0.5339999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.49380001425743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152745839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5438153","display_name":"Fault detection and isolation","level":3,"score":0.4113999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4641261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11681085","display_name":"Face detection","level":4,"score":0.37400001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.3643999993801117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3564000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.35100001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.3508000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.3508000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.35010001063346863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.33550000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.326200008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.323199987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.29109999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.2888999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.28630000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.27889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.27790001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.27160000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.2635999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.26170000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.2614000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776145971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30673951","display_name":"Labeled data","level":2,"score":0.26080000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776135515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17143721","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.260699987411499}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icme59968.2025.11209184","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icme59968.2025.11209184","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:lutpub.lut.fi:10024/170641","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://lutpub.lut.fi/handle/10024/170641","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402474","display_name":"LUTPub (LUT University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I63548447","host_organization_name":"Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63548447"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"acceptedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:lutpub.lut.fi:10024/170641","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://lutpub.lut.fi/handle/10024/170641","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402474","display_name":"LUTPub (LUT University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I63548447","host_organization_name":"Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63548447"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"acceptedVersion"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","display_name":"China Scholarship Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04atp4p48"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2045472600","https://openalex.org/W2051297709","https://openalex.org/W2056763477","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2116341502","https://openalex.org/W2131774270","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2421475762","https://openalex.org/W2737559518","https://openalex.org/W2903991757","https://openalex.org/W2957289502","https://openalex.org/W2957293233","https://openalex.org/W2962770929","https://openalex.org/W2969059826","https://openalex.org/W3009809768","https://openalex.org/W3011227460","https://openalex.org/W3035574324","https://openalex.org/W3135693821","https://openalex.org/W3174724419","https://openalex.org/W3175851380","https://openalex.org/W3176327573","https://openalex.org/W3202135301","https://openalex.org/W4210623885","https://openalex.org/W4225854701","https://openalex.org/W4285601347","https://openalex.org/W4312239024","https://openalex.org/W4319300022","https://openalex.org/W4386076392","https://openalex.org/W4390873581","https://openalex.org/W4394625873","https://openalex.org/W4396629578","https://openalex.org/W4402509346","https://openalex.org/W4402704637","https://openalex.org/W4403073089","https://openalex.org/W4403943251","https://openalex.org/W4405953164"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Facial":[0],"Action":[1],"Units":[2],"(AUs)":[3],"detection":[4,24,74,137,166],"is":[5,64],"a":[6,14,106,126,144],"cornerstone":[7],"of":[8,33,40,72,96,182],"objective":[9],"facial":[10,190],"expression":[11],"analysis":[12],"and":[13,36,70,123,168,208],"critical":[15,192],"focus":[16],"in":[17,48,52,85,135,205],"affective":[18],"computing.":[19],"Despite":[20],"its":[21],"importance,":[22],"AU":[23,34,73,136,150,165,194],"faces":[25],"significant":[26],"challenges,":[27],"such":[28],"as":[29,105],"the":[30,37,68,93,131,164],"high":[31],"cost":[32],"annotation":[35],"limited":[38],"availability":[39],"datasets.":[41,60],"These":[42],"constraints":[43],"often":[44],"lead":[45],"to":[46,129,163,187],"overfitting":[47],"existing":[49],"methods,":[50],"resulting":[51],"substantial":[53],"performance":[54,204],"degradation":[55],"when":[56],"applied":[57],"across":[58],"diverse":[59],"Addressing":[61],"these":[62],"issues":[63],"essential":[65],"for":[66,82,109,117,149,173,193],"improving":[67],"reliability":[69],"generalizability":[71],"methods.":[75],"Moreover,":[76],"many":[77],"current":[78],"approaches":[79],"leverage":[80],"Transformers":[81],"their":[83],"effectiveness":[84],"long-context":[86],"modeling,":[87],"but":[88],"they":[89],"are":[90],"hindered":[91],"by":[92],"quadratic":[94],"complexity":[95],"self-attention.":[97],"Recently,":[98],"Test-Time":[99],"Training":[100],"(TTT)":[101],"layers":[102],"have":[103],"emerged":[104],"promising":[107],"solution":[108],"long-sequence":[110],"modeling.":[111],"Additionally,":[112,176],"TTT":[113,154,161],"applies":[114],"self-supervised":[115],"learning":[116],"iterative":[118],"updates":[119],"during":[120],"both":[121,206],"training":[122],"inference,":[124],"offering":[125],"potential":[127],"pathway":[128],"mitigate":[130],"generalization":[132],"challenges":[133],"inherent":[134],"tasks.":[138],"In":[139],"this":[140],"paper,":[141],"we":[142,177],"propose":[143],"novel":[145],"vision":[146],"backbone":[147],"tailored":[148],"detection,":[151],"incorporating":[152],"bidirectional":[153],"blocks,":[155],"named":[156],"AU-TTT.":[157],"Our":[158],"approach":[159],"introduces":[160],"Linear":[162],"task":[167],"optimizes":[169],"image":[170],"scanning":[171,185],"mechanisms":[172],"enhanced":[174],"performance.":[175],"design":[178],"an":[179],"AU-specific":[180],"Region":[181],"Interest":[183],"(RoI)":[184],"mechanism":[186],"capture":[188],"fine-grained":[189],"features":[191],"detection.":[195],"Experimental":[196],"results":[197],"demonstrate":[198],"that":[199],"our":[200],"method":[201],"achieves":[202],"competitive":[203],"within-domain":[207],"cross-domain":[209],"scenarios.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-30T00:00:00"}