{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4293522973","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icme52920.2022.9860013","title":"RMLANet: Random Multi-Level Attention Network for Shadow Detection","display_name":"RMLANet: Random Multi-Level Attention Network for Shadow Detection","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4293522973","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icme52920.2022.9860013"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icme52920.2022.9860013","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icme52920.2022.9860013","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607799","display_name":"2022 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031192579","display_name":"Leiping Jie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9387-8477"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12615008","display_name":"Beijing Normal University - Hong Kong Baptist University United International College","ror":"https://ror.org/04snvc712","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12615008"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141568987","display_name":"Hong Kong Baptist University","ror":"https://ror.org/0145fw131","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141568987"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Leiping Jie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hong Kong Baptist University,Department of Computer Science,Hong Kong SAR,China","Department of Computer Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China","Division of Science and Technology, United International College, BNU-HKBU, Zhuhai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hong Kong Baptist University,Department of Computer Science,Hong Kong SAR,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141568987"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141568987"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Science and Technology, United International College, BNU-HKBU, Zhuhai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12615008"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100323420","display_name":"Hui Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1803-3148"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12615008","display_name":"Beijing Normal University - Hong Kong Baptist University United International College","ror":"https://ror.org/04snvc712","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12615008"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hui Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["United International College, BNU-HKBU,Division of Science and Technology,Zhuhai,China","Division of Science and Technology, United International College, BNU-HKBU, Zhuhai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"United International College, BNU-HKBU,Division of Science and Technology,Zhuhai,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12615008"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Science and Technology, United International College, BNU-HKBU, Zhuhai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12615008"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5031192579"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12615008","https://openalex.org/I141568987"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7796,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80657351,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7722452878952026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.7531918287277222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6172361969947815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6033403873443604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.533879280090332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.44061851501464844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.44057291746139526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.4284169673919678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10542702674865723}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7722452878952026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.7531918287277222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6172361969947815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6033403873443604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.533879280090332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.44061851501464844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.44057291746139526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.4284169673919678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10542702674865723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icme52920.2022.9860013","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icme52920.2022.9860013","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607799","display_name":"2022 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4006937038","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017A030313362","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321921","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4840900398","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62076029","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321921","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1906669240","https://openalex.org/W2027850463","https://openalex.org/W2113449189","https://openalex.org/W2166502676","https://openalex.org/W2519623608","https://openalex.org/W2771617895","https://openalex.org/W2777654136","https://openalex.org/W2808548587","https://openalex.org/W2883780447","https://openalex.org/W2884217841","https://openalex.org/W2895126795","https://openalex.org/W2948670693","https://openalex.org/W2955425717","https://openalex.org/W2963014378","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2990984982","https://openalex.org/W3030520226","https://openalex.org/W3034627419","https://openalex.org/W3048588130","https://openalex.org/W3094502228","https://openalex.org/W3108186749","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3190216403","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6762718338","https://openalex.org/W6778485988","https://openalex.org/W6784333009","https://openalex.org/W6800092589"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1485630101","https://openalex.org/W2498017833","https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W2748454020","https://openalex.org/W4287776258","https://openalex.org/W3027997911","https://openalex.org/W2767651786","https://openalex.org/W3021430260","https://openalex.org/W2912288872","https://openalex.org/W564581980"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,100],"paper":[1],"addresses":[2],"the":[3,62,71,78,82,93,98],"problem":[4],"of":[5,95],"shadow":[6],"detection":[7],"from":[8],"a":[9,44,87],"single":[10],"image.":[11],"Previous":[12],"approaches":[13],"have":[14],"shown":[15],"that":[16,111,120],"exploiting":[17],"both":[18],"global":[19,66],"and":[20,60,73,135],"local":[21,105],"contexts":[22,35],"in":[23,81,107],"deep":[24],"convolutional":[25],"neural":[26],"network":[27],"layers":[28],"can":[29],"greatly":[30],"improve":[31],"performance.":[32],"However,":[33],"multi-level":[34,54],"remain":[36],"underexplored.":[37],"To":[38],"achieve":[39],"this,":[40],"we":[41,51,85],"propose":[42,86],"RMLANet,":[43],"novel":[45],"Random":[46],"Multi-Level":[47],"Attention":[48],"Network.":[49],"Specifically,":[50],"leverage":[52],"shuffled":[53],"features":[55],"simultaneously":[56],"with":[57],"guiding":[58],"features,":[59],"employ":[61],"transformer":[63],"to":[64,69,91,97],"capture":[65],"context.":[67],"Furthermore,":[68],"reduce":[70,92],"computational":[72],"memory":[74],"overhead":[75],"caused":[76],"by":[77,103],"self-attention":[79],"mechanism":[80],"vanilla":[83],"transformer,":[84],"random":[88],"sampling":[89],"strategy":[90],"number":[94],"inputs":[96],"transformer.":[99],"is":[101,114],"motivated":[102],"observing":[104],"consistency":[106],"images,":[108],"which":[109],"suggests":[110],"dense":[112],"attention":[113],"unnecessary.":[115],"Extensive":[116],"experimental":[117],"results":[118],"demonstrate":[119],"our":[121],"method":[122],"outperforms":[123],"current":[124],"state-of-the-art":[125],"methods":[126],"on":[127],"three":[128],"widely":[129],"used":[130],"benchmark":[131],"datasets":[132],"SBU,":[133],"ISTD":[134],"UCF.":[136]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}