{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3149674875","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icme51207.2021.9428429","title":"Are GAN Generated Images Easy to Detect? A Critical Analysis of the State-Of-The-Art","display_name":"Are GAN Generated Images Easy to Detect? A Critical Analysis of the State-Of-The-Art","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3149674875","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icme51207.2021.9428429","mag":"3149674875"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icme51207.2021.9428429","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icme51207.2021.9428429","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2104.02617","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038476909","display_name":"Diego Gragnaniello","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4271-8160"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117450","display_name":"Federico II University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02jr6tp70","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117450","https://openalex.org/I71267560"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"D. Gragnaniello","raw_affiliation_strings":["University Federico II of Naples","[University Federico II of Naples]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Federico II of Naples","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210117450"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[University Federico II of Naples]","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085769320","display_name":"Davide Cozzolino","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6158-7595"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117450","display_name":"Federico II University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02jr6tp70","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117450","https://openalex.org/I71267560"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. Cozzolino","raw_affiliation_strings":["University Federico II of Naples","[University Federico II of Naples]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Federico II of Naples","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210117450"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[University Federico II of Naples]","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038286261","display_name":"Francesco Marra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7863-2230"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117450","display_name":"Federico II University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02jr6tp70","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117450","https://openalex.org/I71267560"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"F. Marra","raw_affiliation_strings":["University Federico II of Naples","[University Federico II of Naples]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Federico II of Naples","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210117450"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[University Federico II of Naples]","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081981044","display_name":"Giovanni Poggi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1327-4812"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117450","display_name":"Federico II University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02jr6tp70","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117450","https://openalex.org/I71267560"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G. Poggi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University Federico II of Naples","[University Federico II of Naples]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Federico II of Naples","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210117450"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[University Federico II of Naples]","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080842029","display_name":"Luisa Verdoliva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7286-7963"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117450","display_name":"Federico II University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02jr6tp70","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117450","https://openalex.org/I71267560"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L. Verdoliva","raw_affiliation_strings":["University Federico II of Naples","[University Federico II of Naples]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Federico II of Naples","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210117450"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[University Federico II of Naples]","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5038476909"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210117450"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0681,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78681532,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.768287181854248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upload","display_name":"Upload","score":0.6393187642097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"Social media","score":0.6255431175231934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.6046907305717468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5283458828926086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.4914127588272095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/raising","display_name":"Raising (metalworking)","score":0.486608624458313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.4692245423793793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.4663711190223694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.4559503197669983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.43952298164367676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.4233455955982208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.41356202960014343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3818780183792114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.36816897988319397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.21743646264076233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.20012608170509338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09864789247512817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.06935006380081177}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.768287181854248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71901391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7126699","display_name":"Upload","level":2,"score":0.6393187642097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.6255431175231934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.6046907305717468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5283458828926086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.4914127588272095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780589192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7285140","display_name":"Raising (metalworking)","level":2,"score":0.486608624458313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.4692245423793793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.4663711190223694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4559503197669983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.43952298164367676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4233455955982208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.41356202960014343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3818780183792114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.36816897988319397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.21743646264076233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.20012608170509338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09864789247512817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.06935006380081177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icme51207.2021.9428429","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icme51207.2021.9428429","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2104.02617","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2104.02617","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2104.02617","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:3149674875","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2104.02617.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2104.02617","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2104.02617","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2104.02617","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2104.02617","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2104.02617","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308239","display_name":"EMI","ror":"https://ror.org/01qstkr73"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309327","display_name":"Google","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311649","display_name":"Ministry of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/036nq5137"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332815","display_name":"Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338294","display_name":"Air Force Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2egq70"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3149674875.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W2055745001","https://openalex.org/W2811414481","https://openalex.org/W2888519208","https://openalex.org/W2892948265","https://openalex.org/W2893749619","https://openalex.org/W2907295878","https://openalex.org/W2962760235","https://openalex.org/W2962770929","https://openalex.org/W2962793481","https://openalex.org/W2962974533","https://openalex.org/W2963767194","https://openalex.org/W2972511899","https://openalex.org/W2975558816","https://openalex.org/W2979259381","https://openalex.org/W2981803355","https://openalex.org/W2991302305","https://openalex.org/W2991318208","https://openalex.org/W3010699567","https://openalex.org/W3012472557","https://openalex.org/W3034530968","https://openalex.org/W3034577585","https://openalex.org/W3034864980","https://openalex.org/W3034946971","https://openalex.org/W3035574324","https://openalex.org/W3043251718","https://openalex.org/W3108281670","https://openalex.org/W3133516147","https://openalex.org/W3133932568","https://openalex.org/W6639102338","https://openalex.org/W6745560452","https://openalex.org/W6755312952","https://openalex.org/W6756925667","https://openalex.org/W6757146666","https://openalex.org/W6760471031","https://openalex.org/W6767246034","https://openalex.org/W6767395851","https://openalex.org/W6768984845","https://openalex.org/W6775642233"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3173126908","https://openalex.org/W2995516027","https://openalex.org/W2998236504","https://openalex.org/W3184486150","https://openalex.org/W3201622304","https://openalex.org/W2973713579","https://openalex.org/W3142599389","https://openalex.org/W3047275688","https://openalex.org/W3196378345","https://openalex.org/W3154884208","https://openalex.org/W3166714196","https://openalex.org/W3035925304","https://openalex.org/W1907062064","https://openalex.org/W3041585401","https://openalex.org/W3023118617","https://openalex.org/W3097618751","https://openalex.org/W3085394097","https://openalex.org/W3157711673","https://openalex.org/W3161501718","https://openalex.org/W2548192057"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"advent":[1],"of":[2,13,21,38,74,81,120],"deep":[3],"learning":[4],"has":[5],"brought":[6],"a":[7],"significant":[8],"improvement":[9],"in":[10],"the":[11,18,36,44,68,72,78,82,118,127],"quality":[12],"generated":[14,111],"media.":[15,62],"However,":[16],"with":[17],"increased":[19],"level":[20],"photorealism,":[22],"synthetic":[23,61,75],"media":[24,105],"are":[25],"becoming":[26],"hardly":[27],"distinguishable":[28],"from":[29],"real":[30],"ones,":[31],"raising":[32],"serious":[33],"concerns":[34],"about":[35],"spread":[37],"fake":[39],"or":[40,110],"manipulated":[41],"information":[42],"over":[43,90],"Internet.":[45],"In":[46,63],"this":[47,64],"context,":[48],"it":[49],"is":[50],"important":[51],"to":[52,56,99],"develop":[53],"automated":[54],"tools":[55],"reliably":[57],"and":[58,86,101,114,123],"timely":[59],"detect":[60],"work,":[65],"we":[66],"analyze":[67],"state-of-the-art":[69],"methods":[70],"for":[71],"detection":[73],"images,":[76],"highlighting":[77],"key":[79],"ingredients":[80],"most":[83],"successful":[84],"approaches,":[85],"comparing":[87],"their":[88],"performance":[89],"existing":[91],"generative":[92],"architectures.":[93],"We":[94],"will":[95],"devote":[96],"special":[97],"attention":[98],"realistic":[100],"challenging":[102],"scenarios,":[103],"like":[104],"uploaded":[106],"on":[107,126],"social":[108],"networks":[109],"by":[112],"new":[113],"unseen":[115],"architectures,":[116],"analyzing":[117],"impact":[119],"suitable":[121],"augmentation":[122],"training":[124],"strategies":[125],"detectors\u2019":[128],"generalization":[129],"ability.":[130]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}