{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3167946479","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icme51207.2021.9428334","title":"Cross-Language Transfer Learning and Domain Adaptation for End-to-End Automatic Speech Recognition","display_name":"Cross-Language Transfer Learning and Domain Adaptation for End-to-End Automatic Speech Recognition","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3167946479","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icme51207.2021.9428334","mag":"3167946479"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icme51207.2021.9428334","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icme51207.2021.9428334","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076982760","display_name":"Jian Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9756-3066"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4401726822","display_name":"Ping An (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/004yv2z91","country_code":null,"type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4401726822"]}],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jian Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ping An Technology (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ping An Technology (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4401726822"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074472751","display_name":"Jianzong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9237-4231"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4401726822","display_name":"Ping An (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/004yv2z91","country_code":null,"type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4401726822"]}],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianzong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ping An Technology (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ping An Technology (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4401726822"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101977180","display_name":"Ning Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0988-5023"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4401726822","display_name":"Ping An (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/004yv2z91","country_code":null,"type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4401726822"]}],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ning Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ping An Technology (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ping An Technology (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4401726822"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077957584","display_name":"Edward Xiao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2803097867","display_name":"Aquinas Institute of Theology","ror":"https://ror.org/029xxx628","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2803097867"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edward Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aquinas International Academy,CA,USA","Aquinas International Academy, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aquinas International Academy,CA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2803097867"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aquinas International Academy, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2803097867"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016038454","display_name":"Jing Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9615-4749"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4401726822","display_name":"Ping An (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/004yv2z91","country_code":null,"type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4401726822"]}],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ping An Technology (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ping An Technology (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4401726822"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033043101","display_name":"Georg Kucsko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4189-3154"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Georg Kucsko","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kensho,Cambridge,MA,USA","Kensho, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kensho,Cambridge,MA,USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kensho, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005325892","display_name":"Patrick O\u2019Neill","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick O'Neill","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kensho,Cambridge,MA,USA","Kensho, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kensho,Cambridge,MA,USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kensho, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040747392","display_name":"Jagadeesh Balam","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127875","display_name":"Nvidia (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03jdj4y14","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127875"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jagadeesh Balam","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA,Santa Clara,CA,USA","NVIDIA, Santa Clara, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA,Santa Clara,CA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127875"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA, Santa Clara, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127875"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083696320","display_name":"Slyne Deng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127875","display_name":"Nvidia (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03jdj4y14","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127875"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Slyne Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA,Santa Clara,CA,USA","NVIDIA, Santa Clara, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA,Santa Clara,CA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127875"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA, Santa Clara, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127875"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001258739","display_name":"Adriana Flores","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6181-2374"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127875","display_name":"Nvidia (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03jdj4y14","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127875"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adriana Flores","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA,Santa Clara,CA,USA","NVIDIA, Santa Clara, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA,Santa Clara,CA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127875"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA, Santa Clara, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127875"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032957280","display_name":"Boris Ginsburg","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127875","display_name":"Nvidia (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03jdj4y14","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127875"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Boris Ginsburg","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA,Santa Clara,CA,USA","NVIDIA, Santa Clara, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA,Santa Clara,CA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127875"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA, Santa Clara, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127875"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036658158","display_name":"Jocelyn Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4107-0431"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127875","display_name":"Nvidia (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03jdj4y14","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127875"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jocelyn Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA,Santa Clara,CA,USA","NVIDIA, Santa Clara, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA,Santa Clara,CA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127875"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA, Santa Clara, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127875"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048403564","display_name":"Oleksii Kuchaiev","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127875","display_name":"Nvidia (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03jdj4y14","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127875"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oleksii Kuchaiev","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA,Santa Clara,CA,USA","NVIDIA, Santa Clara, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA,Santa Clara,CA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127875"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA, Santa Clara, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127875"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026088310","display_name":"Vitaly Lavrukhin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7866-8301"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127875","display_name":"Nvidia (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03jdj4y14","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127875"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vitaly Lavrukhin","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA,Santa Clara,CA,USA","NVIDIA, Santa Clara, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA,Santa Clara,CA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127875"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA, Santa Clara, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127875"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100762970","display_name":"Jason Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1150-3549"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127875","display_name":"Nvidia (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03jdj4y14","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127875"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jason Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA,Santa Clara,CA,USA","NVIDIA, Santa Clara, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA,Santa Clara,CA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127875"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA, Santa Clara, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127875"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":15,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5076982760"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4401726822"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6317,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86439328,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11309","display_name":"Music and Audio Processing","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8343156576156616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-of-learning","display_name":"Transfer of learning","score":0.8180823922157288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.6073125004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5735925436019897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.5464075207710266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5383269786834717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptation","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","score":0.4971292316913605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/german","display_name":"German","score":0.49680593609809875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/end-to-end-principle","display_name":"End-to-end principle","score":0.49262768030166626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mandarin-chinese","display_name":"Mandarin Chinese","score":0.472844660282135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain-adaptation","display_name":"Domain adaptation","score":0.462774395942688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer","display_name":"Transfer (computing)","score":0.4472643733024597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training-set","display_name":"Training set","score":0.43859100341796875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.4315788149833679}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8343156576156616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.8180823922157288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.6073125004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5735925436019897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.5464075207710266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5383269786834717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.4971292316913605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154775046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188","display_name":"German","level":2,"score":0.49680593609809875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74296488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2527392","display_name":"End-to-end principle","level":2,"score":0.49262768030166626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138954614","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9192","display_name":"Mandarin Chinese","level":2,"score":0.472844660282135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776434776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19246213","display_name":"Domain adaptation","level":3,"score":0.462774395942688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776175482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1195816","display_name":"Transfer (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4472643733024597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.43859100341796875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4315788149833679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icme51207.2021.9428334","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icme51207.2021.9428334","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6700000166893005,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337504","display_name":"Research and Development","ror":"https://ror.org/027s68j25"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W97072897","https://openalex.org/W1494198834","https://openalex.org/W1682403713","https://openalex.org/W1994606281","https://openalex.org/W2024490156","https://openalex.org/W2025198378","https://openalex.org/W2033436836","https://openalex.org/W2041823554","https://openalex.org/W2127141656","https://openalex.org/W2147768505","https://openalex.org/W2154820175","https://openalex.org/W2402146185","https://openalex.org/W2604173493","https://openalex.org/W2769437540","https://openalex.org/W2786459654","https://openalex.org/W2889048668","https://openalex.org/W2945697643","https://openalex.org/W2963303951","https://openalex.org/W2963522845","https://openalex.org/W2973072704","https://openalex.org/W2974231335","https://openalex.org/W2990084257","https://openalex.org/W3015537910","https://openalex.org/W3030437843","https://openalex.org/W3048707928","https://openalex.org/W3150269179","https://openalex.org/W4297818305","https://openalex.org/W6603931906","https://openalex.org/W6746041127","https://openalex.org/W6747270024","https://openalex.org/W6754473786","https://openalex.org/W6762625080","https://openalex.org/W6767671539","https://openalex.org/W6770185359","https://openalex.org/W6771467084","https://openalex.org/W6781428138"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2990005675","https://openalex.org/W2374317326","https://openalex.org/W1603321096","https://openalex.org/W2394766824","https://openalex.org/W2916997151","https://openalex.org/W2949174760","https://openalex.org/W2531741693","https://openalex.org/W4287644835","https://openalex.org/W3092281475","https://openalex.org/W3098003361"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3],"demonstrate":[4,75],"the":[5,114],"efficacy":[6],"of":[7,73],"transfer":[8,39,81,124],"learning":[9,12,40,82,125],"and":[10,36,44,66],"continuous":[11],"for":[13,101,116],"various":[14],"automatic":[15],"speech":[16],"recognition":[17],"(ASR)":[18],"tasks":[19],"using":[20],"end-to-end":[21],"models":[22,105],"trained":[23,94],"with":[24,29,139],"CTC":[25],"loss.":[26],"We":[27,120],"start":[28],"a":[30,84,92],"large":[31,140],"pre-trained":[32,104,110],"English":[33,50,56],"ASR":[34],"model":[35,87,93],"show":[37,122],"that":[38,76,123],"can":[41],"be":[42],"effectively":[43],"easily":[45],"performed":[46],"on:":[47],"(1)":[48],"different":[49,53],"accents,":[51],"(2)":[52],"languages":[54],"(from":[55],"to":[57,64],"German,":[58],"Spanish,":[59],"Russian,":[60],"or":[61],"from":[62,83,95],"Mandarin":[63],"Cantonese)":[65],"(3)":[67],"application-specific":[68],"domains.":[69],"Our":[70,97],"extensive":[71],"set":[72],"experiments":[74],"in":[77,133],"all":[78],"three":[79],"cases,":[80],"good":[85],"base":[86],"has":[88],"higher":[89],"accuracy":[90],"than":[91,108],"scratch.":[96],"results":[98],"indicate":[99],"that,":[100],"fine-tuning,":[102],"larger":[103],"are":[106],"better":[107],"small":[109],"models,":[111],"even":[112],"if":[113],"dataset":[115],"fine-tuning":[117],"is":[118],"small.":[119],"also":[121],"significantly":[126],"speeds":[127],"up":[128],"convergence,":[129],"which":[130],"could":[131],"result":[132],"significant":[134],"cost":[135],"savings":[136],"when":[137],"training":[138],"datasets.":[141]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}