{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2140390312","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icme.2005.1521566","title":"Head Tracking Using Particle Filter with Intensity Gradient and Color Histogram","display_name":"Head Tracking Using Particle Filter with Intensity Gradient and Color Histogram","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-10-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2140390312","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icme.2005.1521566","mag":"2140390312"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icme.2005.1521566","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icme.2005.1521566","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2005 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101856761","display_name":"Xinyu Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7472-2407"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xinyu Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Cognitive Ubiquitous Computing, Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, TX, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Cognitive Ubiquitous Computing, Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032615847","display_name":"Baoxin Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9294-4572"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Baoxin Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Cognitive Ubiquitous Computing, Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, TX, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Cognitive Ubiquitous Computing, Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101856761"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.0562,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88416496,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"888","last_page":"891"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.984000027179718,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9807000160217285,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.8245790004730225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.7809947729110718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.6821609735488892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-filter","display_name":"Particle filter","score":0.5804946422576904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.5775509476661682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5609609484672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ellipse","display_name":"Ellipse","score":0.5579031705856323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/color-histogram","display_name":"Color histogram","score":0.5483194589614868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/head","display_name":"Head (geology)","score":0.5472433567047119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rotation","display_name":"Rotation (mathematics)","score":0.4894829988479614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-head","display_name":"Human head","score":0.4877486824989319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.34564581513404846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/filter","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","score":0.3371163606643677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3186313211917877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-processing","display_name":"Image processing","score":0.1949155628681183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/color-image","display_name":"Color image","score":0.16870683431625366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1561187505722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.1514607071876526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.13030540943145752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.10857683420181274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.06497353315353394}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.8245790004730225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.7809947729110718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.6821609735488892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52421305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1151499","display_name":"Particle filter","level":3,"score":0.5804946422576904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.5775509476661682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5609609484672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74261601","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40112","display_name":"Ellipse","level":2,"score":0.5579031705856323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12043971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2636542","display_name":"Color histogram","level":5,"score":0.5483194589614868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780312720","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5689100","display_name":"Head (geology)","level":2,"score":0.5472433567047119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74050887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848368","display_name":"Rotation (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4894829988479614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780549717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3409626","display_name":"Human head","level":3,"score":0.4877486824989319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.34564581513404846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.3371163606643677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3186313211917877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.1949155628681183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142616399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5148604","display_name":"Color image","level":4,"score":0.16870683431625366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1561187505722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.1514607071876526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.13030540943145752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.10857683420181274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.06497353315353394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125287762","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1758948","display_name":"Absorption (acoustics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114793014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109","display_name":"Geomorphology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icme.2005.1521566","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icme.2005.1521566","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2005 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1785942045","https://openalex.org/W2000877874","https://openalex.org/W2107634464","https://openalex.org/W2131393045","https://openalex.org/W2141953624","https://openalex.org/W2143223994","https://openalex.org/W2163945819","https://openalex.org/W2168682262","https://openalex.org/W6681169598","https://openalex.org/W6683897304"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2371136327","https://openalex.org/W2890757232","https://openalex.org/W4293234107","https://openalex.org/W2092729804","https://openalex.org/W1994817615","https://openalex.org/W947881702","https://openalex.org/W1729506538","https://openalex.org/W1562725088","https://openalex.org/W1534470563","https://openalex.org/W2369908555"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,10,48,59,66,98],"method":[4],"for":[5],"tracking":[6,58],"human":[7,60],"head":[8,28,61,96],"using":[9,47],"particle":[11],"filter":[12],"to":[13,91],"naturally":[14],"integrate":[15],"two":[16,52],"complementary":[17,55],"cues:":[18],"intensity":[19,37],"gradient":[20,38],"and":[21,81],"color":[22,49],"histogram.":[23,50],"The":[24],"shape":[25],"of":[26,94],"the":[27,42,71,87,95],"is":[29,39,45,89],"modeled":[30,46],"as":[31],"an":[32,36],"ellipse,":[33],"along":[34],"which":[35],"estimated,":[40],"while":[41],"interior":[43],"appearance":[44],"These":[51],"cues":[53],"play":[54],"roles":[56],"in":[57],"with":[62,76],"free":[63],"rotation":[64,93],"on":[65,97],"cluttered":[67,99],"background.":[68],"To":[69],"evaluate":[70],"tracker":[72,88],"performance,":[73],"we":[74],"test":[75],"both":[77],"synthetic":[78],"image":[79],"sequences":[80],"real":[82],"sequences.":[83],"Experiments":[84],"show":[85],"that":[86],"robust":[90],"360-degree":[92],"background":[100]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}