{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2097001750","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icme.2005.1521508","title":"Lossless Image Compression with Tree Coding of Magnitude Levels","display_name":"Lossless Image Compression with Tree Coding of Magnitude Levels","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-10-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2097001750","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icme.2005.1521508","mag":"2097001750"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icme.2005.1521508","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icme.2005.1521508","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2005 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102846081","display_name":"Hua Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5895-1664"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113369","display_name":"Microsoft Research Asia (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/0300m5276","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210113369"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hua Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Media Communication Group, Microsoft Research Asia, China","Media Commun. Group, Microsoft Res. Asia, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Media Communication Group, Microsoft Research Asia, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113369"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Media Commun. Group, Microsoft Res. Asia, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100392380","display_name":"Jiang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0091-6986"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113369","display_name":"Microsoft Research Asia (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/0300m5276","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210113369"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Media Communication Group, Microsoft Research Asia, China","Media Commun. Group, Microsoft Res. Asia, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Media Communication Group, Microsoft Research Asia, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113369"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Media Commun. Group, Microsoft Res. Asia, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5132,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.61578463,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"t 87","issue":null,"first_page":"654","last_page":"657"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10901","display_name":"Advanced Data Compression Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10901","display_name":"Advanced Data Compression Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10741","display_name":"Video Coding and Compression Technologies","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context-adaptive-binary-arithmetic-coding","display_name":"Context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding","score":0.7819982767105103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy-encoding","display_name":"Entropy encoding","score":0.722690224647522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6591609120368958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tunstall-coding","display_name":"Tunstall coding","score":0.6560828685760498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic-coding","display_name":"Arithmetic coding","score":0.652336597442627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lossless-compression","display_name":"Lossless compression","score":0.59710693359375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/huffman-coding","display_name":"Huffman coding","score":0.585737407207489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variable-length-code","display_name":"Variable-length code","score":0.5685891509056091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coding-tree-unit","display_name":"Coding tree unit","score":0.5372011661529541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jpeg-2000","display_name":"JPEG 2000","score":0.5354058742523193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5039307475090027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-compression","display_name":"Image compression","score":0.4828532338142395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lossless-jpeg","display_name":"Lossless JPEG","score":0.46456778049468994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context-adaptive-variable-length-coding","display_name":"Context-adaptive variable-length coding","score":0.46320807933807373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lossy-compression","display_name":"Lossy compression","score":0.4529123306274414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-compression","display_name":"Data compression","score":0.45134541392326355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shannon\u2013fano-coding","display_name":"Shannon\u2013Fano coding","score":0.43060746788978577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coding","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","score":0.4243050515651703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3782365918159485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2645728290081024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.22071951627731323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-processing","display_name":"Image processing","score":0.2164860963821411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.11350679397583008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.10049223899841309}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175732694","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128713","display_name":"Context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding","level":3,"score":0.7819982767105103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1769480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1345239","display_name":"Entropy encoding","level":3,"score":0.722690224647522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6591609120368958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73231260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7853376","display_name":"Tunstall coding","level":4,"score":0.6560828685760498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153338461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2651","display_name":"Arithmetic coding","level":4,"score":0.652336597442627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81081738","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55542","display_name":"Lossless compression","level":3,"score":0.59710693359375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46900642","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2647","display_name":"Huffman coding","level":3,"score":0.585737407207489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60603091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2981616","display_name":"Variable-length code","level":3,"score":0.5685891509056091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190750250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13533439","display_name":"Coding tree unit","level":3,"score":0.5372011661529541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69216139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931783","display_name":"JPEG 2000","level":5,"score":0.5354058742523193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5039307475090027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13481523","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q412438","display_name":"Image compression","level":4,"score":0.4828532338142395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8384606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2190356","display_name":"Lossless JPEG","level":5,"score":0.46456778049468994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135534801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128721","display_name":"Context-adaptive variable-length coding","level":4,"score":0.46320807933807373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165021410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55564","display_name":"Lossy compression","level":2,"score":0.4529123306274414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78548338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2493","display_name":"Data compression","level":2,"score":0.45134541392326355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130811719","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2645","display_name":"Shannon\u2013Fano coding","level":4,"score":0.43060746788978577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.4243050515651703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3782365918159485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2645728290081024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.22071951627731323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.2164860963821411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.11350679397583008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.10049223899841309}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icme.2005.1521508","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icme.2005.1521508","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2005 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.87.3796","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.87.3796","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://research.microsoft.com/Asia/dload_files/group/mcom/2005/cr1402.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5199999809265137,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W96697480","https://openalex.org/W306542306","https://openalex.org/W972776804","https://openalex.org/W1520220887","https://openalex.org/W1535176720","https://openalex.org/W1549813018","https://openalex.org/W1841058395","https://openalex.org/W2056915456","https://openalex.org/W2095668662","https://openalex.org/W2096445898","https://openalex.org/W2131499030","https://openalex.org/W2140129192","https://openalex.org/W2151308902","https://openalex.org/W2206608055","https://openalex.org/W2213762131","https://openalex.org/W2214450770","https://openalex.org/W2253234834","https://openalex.org/W2394932817","https://openalex.org/W2418945334","https://openalex.org/W3145095123","https://openalex.org/W3151276134","https://openalex.org/W4231222403"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4312628177","https://openalex.org/W2148686647","https://openalex.org/W1579872668","https://openalex.org/W2123072960","https://openalex.org/W1587903609","https://openalex.org/W1994532706","https://openalex.org/W2213686625","https://openalex.org/W2668751350","https://openalex.org/W2045024766","https://openalex.org/W2375774096"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,10,74,78,110,116,119,141,146,152,159],"rapid":[2],"development":[3],"of":[4,31,148],"digital":[5],"technology":[6],"in":[7,140,158],"consumer":[8],"electronics,":[9],"demand":[11],"to":[12,44,70,108,166],"preserve":[13],"raw":[14],"image":[15,27,59],"data":[16],"for":[17],"further":[18,156],"editing":[19],"or":[20,47],"repeated":[21],"compression":[22],"is":[23,68,84,105],"increasing.":[24],"Traditional":[25],"lossless":[26],"coders":[28],"usually":[29],"consist":[30],"computationally":[32],"intensive":[33],"modeling":[34,126],"and":[35,72,97,118,127,168],"entropy":[36,128],"coding":[37,60,115],"phases,":[38],"therefore":[39],"might":[40],"not":[41],"be":[42,133],"suitable":[43],"mobile":[45],"devices":[46],"scenarios":[48],"with":[49,135,145],"a":[50,57,64,90,94,99],"strict":[51],"real-time":[52],"requirement.":[53],"This":[54,162],"paper":[55],"presents":[56],"new":[58],"algorithm":[61],"based":[62],"on":[63],"simple":[65],"architecture":[66],"that":[67],"easy":[69],"model":[71],"encode":[73],"residual":[75,82],"samples.":[76],"In":[77],"proposed":[79],"algorithm,":[80],"each":[81],"sample":[83],"separated":[85],"into":[86],"three":[87],"parts:":[88],"(1)":[89],"sign":[91],"value,":[92,96],"(2)":[93],"magnitude":[95,100,111,153],"(3)":[98],"level.":[101],"A":[102],"tree":[103,117],"structure":[104],"then":[106],"used":[107],"organize":[109],"levels.":[112],"By":[113],"simply":[114],"other":[120],"two":[121],"parts":[122],"without":[123],"any":[124],"complicated":[125],"coding,":[129,151],"good":[130],"performance":[131,165],"can":[132],"achieved":[134],"very":[136],"low":[137],"computational":[138],"cost":[139],"binary-uncoded":[142],"mode.":[143,161],"Moreover,":[144],"aid":[147],"context-based":[149],"arithmetic":[150],"values":[154],"are":[155],"compressed":[157],"arithmetic-coded":[160],"gives":[163],"close":[164],"JPEG-LS":[167],"JPEG2000.":[169]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-26T07:47:46.906454","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}