{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4366146379","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icm54990.2023.10101972","title":"Drowsy Driver Detection System For Poor Light Conditions","display_name":"Drowsy Driver Detection System For Poor Light Conditions","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-03-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4366146379","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icm54990.2023.10101972"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icm54990.2023.10101972","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icm54990.2023.10101972","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics (ICM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040423902","display_name":"Ahmed Ibnouf","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Ibnouf","raw_affiliation_strings":["King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM),Control & Instrumentation Engineering Department,Dhahran,Saudi Arabia,31261"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM),Control & Instrumentation Engineering Department,Dhahran,Saudi Arabia,31261","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014669507","display_name":"Ayman Fadlallah","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ayman Fadlallah","raw_affiliation_strings":["King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM),Information & Computer Science Department,Dhahran,Saudi Arabia,31261"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM),Information & Computer Science Department,Dhahran,Saudi Arabia,31261","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036959237","display_name":"Muaiz Ali","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muaiz Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM),Electrical Engineering Department,Dhahran,Saudi Arabia,31261"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM),Electrical Engineering Department,Dhahran,Saudi Arabia,31261","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082999010","display_name":"Abdelmalek Zidouri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2739-0208"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdelmalek Zidouri","raw_affiliation_strings":["King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM),Electrical Engineering Department Interdisciplinary Research Center for Intelligent Secure System,Dhahran,Saudi Arabia,31261"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM),Electrical Engineering Department Interdisciplinary Research Center for Intelligent Secure System,Dhahran,Saudi Arabia,31261","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4354,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.63173859,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11373","display_name":"Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11373","display_name":"Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12006","display_name":"Ergonomics and Musculoskeletal Disorders","score":0.9574999809265137,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7453576326370239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7351338863372803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.682823657989502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preprocessor","display_name":"Preprocessor","score":0.665022075176239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/haar-like-features","display_name":"Haar-like features","score":0.5936322808265686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5268030166625977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.45951640605926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.4229845404624939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-detection","display_name":"Face detection","score":0.3325633406639099}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7453576326370239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7351338863372803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.682823657989502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.665022075176239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123134398","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2493819","display_name":"Haar-like features","level":5,"score":0.5936322808265686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5268030166625977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.45951640605926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.4229845404624939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4641261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11681085","display_name":"Face detection","level":4,"score":0.3325633406639099}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icm54990.2023.10101972","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icm54990.2023.10101972","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics (ICM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5199999809265137,"display_name":"No poverty","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1486092443","https://openalex.org/W1585406901","https://openalex.org/W2019904315","https://openalex.org/W2045473997","https://openalex.org/W2058569601","https://openalex.org/W2087668563","https://openalex.org/W2104482992","https://openalex.org/W2123585936","https://openalex.org/W2137842970","https://openalex.org/W2176950688","https://openalex.org/W2233806841","https://openalex.org/W2541102286","https://openalex.org/W2582336686","https://openalex.org/W2622826443","https://openalex.org/W2751088292","https://openalex.org/W2779412207","https://openalex.org/W2802132828","https://openalex.org/W2803418794","https://openalex.org/W2825514469","https://openalex.org/W2898496484","https://openalex.org/W3009103931","https://openalex.org/W3091891551","https://openalex.org/W3185415038","https://openalex.org/W4207012543","https://openalex.org/W4213096653","https://openalex.org/W4220818737","https://openalex.org/W4221143050","https://openalex.org/W4254625751","https://openalex.org/W6611326119","https://openalex.org/W6640459011","https://openalex.org/W6675490810","https://openalex.org/W6687993641","https://openalex.org/W6754993138","https://openalex.org/W6784337044","https://openalex.org/W6803376173","https://openalex.org/W6810092923"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3135341440","https://openalex.org/W3009637957","https://openalex.org/W2431444032","https://openalex.org/W1017149716","https://openalex.org/W1970925716","https://openalex.org/W2585703169","https://openalex.org/W4385451546","https://openalex.org/W1560709653","https://openalex.org/W4318606103","https://openalex.org/W4285815683"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,52],"recent":[1],"years,":[2],"the":[3,19,37,79,147,152,166,175,178],"number":[4],"of":[5,21,39,137,144,151,177],"car":[6],"accidents":[7],"has":[8],"been":[9],"gradually":[10],"increasing.":[11],"A":[12,89],"major":[13],"factor":[14],"in":[15,49,158,181],"this":[16,53],"increase":[17],"is":[18],"drowsiness":[20,31],"drivers.":[22],"There":[23],"are":[24],"many":[25],"image":[26],"recognition":[27],"research":[28],"studies":[29],"on":[30,45,77,146],"detection":[32,59],"but":[33],"tend":[34],"to":[35,84,113,120,164,173],"neglect":[36],"case":[38,156],"low-light":[40,50],"conditions.":[41,51,187],"This":[42],"paper":[43],"focuses":[44,76],"detecting":[46,78],"drowsy":[47,57],"drivers":[48],"paper,":[54],"a":[55,68,114,135],"behavioralbased":[56],"driver":[58,179],"system":[60,170],"(DDDS)":[61],"was":[62,94,111,132,171],"proposed.":[63],"The":[64,129,169],"proposed":[65,130,167],"DDDS":[66],"applies":[67],"preprocessing":[69],"algorithm":[70],"that":[71],"improves":[72],"illumination":[73],"and":[74,82,99,140,183],"then":[75],"driver\u2019s":[80],"face":[81],"eyes":[83,106],"calculate":[85],"eye":[86,110],"blink":[87],"duration.":[88],"deep":[90],"neural":[91],"network":[92],"model":[93,119],"used":[95,104],"for":[96,105],"facial":[97],"recognition,":[98],"Haar":[100],"Cascade":[101],"classifiers":[102],"were":[103,162],"detection.":[107],"Every":[108],"single":[109],"based":[112],"Convolutional":[115],"Neural":[116],"Network":[117],"(CNN)":[118],"predict":[121],"its":[122],"state":[123,176],"as":[124],"either":[125],"\u2018\u2018Open\u2019\u2019":[126],"or":[127],"\u2018\u2018Closed\u2019\u2019.":[128],"CNN":[131],"developed":[133],"using":[134],"dataset":[136],"1452":[138,153],"samples":[139],"gave":[141],"an":[142],"accuracy":[143],"97.92%":[145],"testing":[148],"dataset,":[149],"15%":[150],"samples.":[154],"Different":[155],"scenarios":[157],"poor":[159,185],"light":[160,186],"conditions":[161],"implemented":[163],"evaluate":[165],"DDDS.":[168],"able":[172],"identify":[174],"even":[180],"harsh":[182],"severe":[184]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}