{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4380551526","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icl-gnss57829.2023.10148925","title":"Acceptable Margin of Error: Quantifying Location Privacy in BLE Localization","display_name":"Acceptable Margin of Error: Quantifying Location Privacy in BLE Localization","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4380551526","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icl-gnss57829.2023.10148925"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icl-gnss57829.2023.10148925","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icl-gnss57829.2023.10148925","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 International Conference on Localization and GNSS (ICL-GNSS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/8041971","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018523000","display_name":"Viktoriia Shubina","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8178-5652"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I61641377","display_name":"Universitatea Na\u021bional\u0103 de \u0218tiin\u021b\u0103 \u0219i Tehnologie Politehnica Bucure\u0219ti","ror":"https://ror.org/0558j5q12","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I61641377"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166825849","display_name":"Tampere University","ror":"https://ror.org/033003e23","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]}],"countries":["FI","RO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Viktoriia Shubina","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tampere University,Finland","University \"Politehnica\" of Bucharest, Romania","Tampere University, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tampere University,Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University \"Politehnica\" of Bucharest, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61641377"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tampere University, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058504920","display_name":"Aleksandr Ometov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3412-1639"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166825849","display_name":"Tampere University","ror":"https://ror.org/033003e23","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aleksandr Ometov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tampere University,Finland","Tampere University, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tampere University,Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tampere University, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051200257","display_name":"Drago\u015f Niculescu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7590-2015"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I61641377","display_name":"Universitatea Na\u021bional\u0103 de \u0218tiin\u021b\u0103 \u0219i Tehnologie Politehnica Bucure\u0219ti","ror":"https://ror.org/0558j5q12","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I61641377"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dragos Niculescu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University \"Politehnica\" of Bucharest,Romania","University \"Politehnica\" of Bucharest, Romania"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University \"Politehnica\" of Bucharest,Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61641377"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University \"Politehnica\" of Bucharest, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61641377"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063382658","display_name":"Elena Simona Lohan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1718-6924"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166825849","display_name":"Tampere University","ror":"https://ror.org/033003e23","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elena Simona Lohan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tampere University,Finland","Tampere University, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tampere University,Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tampere University, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018523000"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166825849","https://openalex.org/I61641377"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.05826109,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11704","display_name":"Mobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing","score":0.991599977016449,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8168338537216187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differential-privacy","display_name":"Differential privacy","score":0.7584595680236816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rss","display_name":"RSS","score":0.7180536985397339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.6375818848609924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/margin","display_name":"Margin (machine learning)","score":0.5693156123161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-truth","display_name":"Ground truth","score":0.5534878373146057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-privacy","display_name":"Information privacy","score":0.5493972301483154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4766308069229126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/location-based-service","display_name":"Location-based service","score":0.4264732003211975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.40290409326553345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.19307634234428406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.17005810141563416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.14507725834846497}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8168338537216187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23130292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5275358","display_name":"Differential privacy","level":2,"score":0.7584595680236816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2385561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45432","display_name":"RSS","level":2,"score":0.7180536985397339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.6375818848609924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C774472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6760393","display_name":"Margin (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.5693156123161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.5534878373146057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.5493972301483154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4766308069229126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155292070","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1198122","display_name":"Location-based service","level":2,"score":0.4264732003211975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.40290409326553345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.19307634234428406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.17005810141563416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.14507725834846497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icl-gnss57829.2023.10148925","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icl-gnss57829.2023.10148925","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 International Conference on Localization and GNSS (ICL-GNSS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:8041971","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/8041971","pdf_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/8041971","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferencePaper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:trepo.tuni.fi:10024/208578","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://trepo.tuni.fi/handle/10024/208578","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055260","display_name":"Trepo - Institutional Repository of Tampere University","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"conference"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:8041971","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/8041971","pdf_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/8041971","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferencePaper"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.6499999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1974542962","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Sk\u0142odowska","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2689612763","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Marie","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6608936214","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"813278","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8318064016","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Horizon","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4380551526.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1592233008","https://openalex.org/W2025303952","https://openalex.org/W2248469562","https://openalex.org/W2900934586","https://openalex.org/W2990820048","https://openalex.org/W3034267820","https://openalex.org/W3035114361","https://openalex.org/W3080246132","https://openalex.org/W3111633034","https://openalex.org/W3177508254","https://openalex.org/W3183767371","https://openalex.org/W3193454017","https://openalex.org/W4205452509","https://openalex.org/W4205633970","https://openalex.org/W4206657864","https://openalex.org/W4281718543","https://openalex.org/W4283657062","https://openalex.org/W4287324593","https://openalex.org/W4288057775","https://openalex.org/W4302443964","https://openalex.org/W4312221876","https://openalex.org/W4315706065","https://openalex.org/W6771353826"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W426968574","https://openalex.org/W2365639220","https://openalex.org/W2382520895","https://openalex.org/W2393709043","https://openalex.org/W2080567403","https://openalex.org/W2539387137","https://openalex.org/W2374952201","https://openalex.org/W2374808384","https://openalex.org/W2385449752","https://openalex.org/W3133955889"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Location":[0],"privacy":[1,40,84,97,115,122],"poses":[2],"a":[3],"critical":[4],"challenge":[5],"as":[6],"the":[7,74,83,135,159,169],"use":[8],"of":[9,76,161],"mobile":[10],"devices":[11],"and":[12,17,61,85,103,116,138,157],"location-based":[13,155],"services":[14,60],"becomes":[15],"more":[16,18],"widespread.":[19],"Proximity-detection":[20],"data":[21],"can":[22,50,149],"reveal":[23],"sensitive":[24],"information":[25],"about":[26],"individuals,":[27],"making":[28],"it":[29,68],"essential":[30],"to":[31,38,46,71,81,120,125,152,167],"preserve":[32],"their":[33],"location":[34,96],"data.":[35,127],"One":[36],"way":[37],"achieve":[39,168],"protection":[41],"is":[42,69],"by":[43],"adding":[44],"noise":[45,77,143,163],"ground-truth":[47],"data,":[48,132],"which":[49],"introduce":[51],"uncertainty":[52],"while":[53],"still":[54],"allowing":[55],"moderate":[56],"utility":[57],"for":[58],"proximity-detection":[59],"Received":[62],"Signal":[63],"Strength":[64],"(RSS)-based":[65],"localization.":[66],"However,":[67],"important":[70],"carefully":[72],"adjust":[73],"amount":[75],"added":[78,105],"in":[79,113,165],"order":[80,166],"balance":[82],"accuracy":[86],"concerns.":[87],"This":[88],"paper":[89],"expands":[90],"our":[91],"previous":[92],"work":[93,112],"on":[94,100],"evaluating":[95],"bounds":[98,123],"based":[99],"measurement":[101,131],"error":[102],"intentionally":[104],"noise.":[106],"Our":[107,147],"model":[108],"builds":[109],"upon":[110],"existing":[111],"differential":[114],"introduces":[117],"other":[118],"techniques":[119],"estimate":[121],"specific":[124],"proximity":[126],"By":[128],"using":[129],"real-world":[130],"we":[133],"measure":[134],"privacy-accuracy":[136,171],"trade-off":[137],"suggest":[139],"cases":[140],"where":[141],"additional":[142],"could":[144],"be":[145,150],"added.":[146],"framework":[148],"utilized":[151],"inform":[153],"privacy-preserving":[154],"applications":[156],"guide":[158],"selection":[160],"appropriate":[162],"levels":[164],"desired":[170],"balance.":[172]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-13T07:58:08.660418","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}