{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4283272494","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icl-gnss54081.2022.9797021","title":"Lightweight Hybrid CNN-ELM Model for Multi-building and Multi-floor Classification","display_name":"Lightweight Hybrid CNN-ELM Model for Multi-building and Multi-floor Classification","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-06-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4283272494","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icl-gnss54081.2022.9797021"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icl-gnss54081.2022.9797021","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icl-gnss54081.2022.9797021","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 International Conference on Localization and GNSS (ICL-GNSS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/6767542","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011996470","display_name":"Darwin Quezada-Gaibor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8064-9955"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166825849","display_name":"Tampere University","ror":"https://ror.org/033003e23","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10902133","display_name":"Universitat Jaume I","ror":"https://ror.org/02ws1xc11","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10902133"]}],"countries":["ES","FI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Darwin Quezada-Gaibor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of New Imaging Technologies, Universitat Jaume I,Castell&#x00F3;n,Spain","Electrical Engineering Unit, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of New Imaging Technologies, Universitat Jaume I,Castell&#x00F3;n,Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10902133"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Unit, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059422222","display_name":"Joaqu\u00edn Torres-Sospedra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4338-4334"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99682543","display_name":"University of Minho","ror":"https://ror.org/037wpkx04","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99682543"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joaquin Torres-Sospedra","raw_affiliation_strings":["ALGORITMI Research Centre, Universidade do Minho,Guimar&#x00E3;es,Portugal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ALGORITMI Research Centre, Universidade do Minho,Guimar&#x00E3;es,Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99682543"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035297149","display_name":"Jari Nurmi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2169-4606"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99682543","display_name":"University of Minho","ror":"https://ror.org/037wpkx04","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99682543"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jari Nurmi","raw_affiliation_strings":["ALGORITMI Research Centre, Universidade do Minho,Guimar&#x00E3;es,Portugal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ALGORITMI Research Centre, Universidade do Minho,Guimar&#x00E3;es,Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99682543"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015032841","display_name":"Yevgeni Koucheryavy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3976-297X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99682543","display_name":"University of Minho","ror":"https://ror.org/037wpkx04","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99682543"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yevgeni Koucheryavy","raw_affiliation_strings":["ALGORITMI Research Centre, Universidade do Minho,Guimar&#x00E3;es,Portugal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ALGORITMI Research Centre, Universidade do Minho,Guimar&#x00E3;es,Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99682543"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009646364","display_name":"Joaqu\u0131\u0301n Huerta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8625-441X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10902133","display_name":"Universitat Jaume I","ror":"https://ror.org/02ws1xc11","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10902133"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joaquin Huerta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of New Imaging Technologies, Universitat Jaume I,Castell&#x00F3;n,Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of New Imaging Technologies, Universitat Jaume I,Castell&#x00F3;n,Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10902133"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011996470"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10902133","https://openalex.org/I166825849"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1098,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81250048,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"01","last_page":"06"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12676","display_name":"Machine Learning and ELM","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12676","display_name":"Machine Learning and ELM","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12546","display_name":"Smart Parking Systems Research","score":0.9785000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8330286145210266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extreme-learning-machine","display_name":"Extreme learning machine","score":0.815238356590271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.7448263764381409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.70196533203125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.6549627780914307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6264925003051758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5846732258796692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.45619210600852966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4300246238708496}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8330286145210266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780150128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21948731","display_name":"Extreme learning machine","level":3,"score":0.815238356590271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.7448263764381409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.70196533203125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.6549627780914307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6264925003051758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5846732258796692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.45619210600852966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4300246238708496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icl-gnss54081.2022.9797021","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icl-gnss54081.2022.9797021","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 International Conference on Localization and GNSS (ICL-GNSS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:6767542","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/6767542","pdf_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/6767542","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferencePaper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repositori.uji.es:10234/200743","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10234/200743","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400303","display_name":"Repositori UJI (Universitat Jaume I)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I10902133","host_organization_name":"Universitat Jaume I","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10902133"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt:1822/82039","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1822/82039","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400354","display_name":"Reposit\u00f3riUM (Universidade do Minho)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I99682543","host_organization_name":"University of Minho","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99682543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:trepo.tuni.fi:10024/217807","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://trepo.tuni.fi/handle/10024/217807","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055260","display_name":"Trepo - Institutional Repository of Tampere University","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"conference"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:6767542","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/6767542","pdf_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/6767542","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferencePaper"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2672205760","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"101023072","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3259447586","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"813278,101023072","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338438","funder_display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6608936214","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"813278","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325399","display_name":"Universidade do Minho","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338438","display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4283272494.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4283272494.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1630879738","https://openalex.org/W2007146523","https://openalex.org/W2095045496","https://openalex.org/W2111072639","https://openalex.org/W2159811720","https://openalex.org/W2228705210","https://openalex.org/W2343794604","https://openalex.org/W2408701322","https://openalex.org/W2515976631","https://openalex.org/W2762342550","https://openalex.org/W2787516708","https://openalex.org/W2808932657","https://openalex.org/W2901566077","https://openalex.org/W2903155668","https://openalex.org/W2903778316","https://openalex.org/W2921833330","https://openalex.org/W2972355358","https://openalex.org/W2996149946","https://openalex.org/W2996316805","https://openalex.org/W3015310491","https://openalex.org/W3035219869","https://openalex.org/W3041054243","https://openalex.org/W3041442955","https://openalex.org/W3047632534","https://openalex.org/W3067373627","https://openalex.org/W3099682841","https://openalex.org/W3147588814","https://openalex.org/W3149937136","https://openalex.org/W3208896133","https://openalex.org/W4393416021","https://openalex.org/W6651999678","https://openalex.org/W6744995440","https://openalex.org/W6793126619"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2067443264","https://openalex.org/W31566076","https://openalex.org/W4297902562","https://openalex.org/W2741186499","https://openalex.org/W2804652951","https://openalex.org/W4226493464","https://openalex.org/W4312417841","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W2951211570","https://openalex.org/W3103566983"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Machine":[0,62],"learning":[1,44],"models":[2],"have":[3],"become":[4],"an":[5,66],"essential":[6],"tool":[7],"in":[8,54,123],"current":[9],"indoor":[10,55],"positioning":[11,56],"solutions,":[12],"given":[13],"their":[14],"high":[15],"capa-bilities":[16],"to":[17,38],"extract":[18],"meaningful":[19],"information":[20],"from":[21,47],"the":[22,31,48,59,110,117,124],"environment.":[23],"Convolutional":[24],"neural":[25,34],"networks":[26,35],"(CNNs)":[27],"are":[28,41],"one":[29],"of":[30,43,76,86,97],"most":[32],"used":[33,53],"(NNs)":[36],"due":[37],"that":[39],"they":[40],"capable":[42],"complex":[45],"patterns":[46],"input":[49],"data.":[50],"Another":[51],"model":[52,112],"solutions":[57],"is":[58,113],"Extreme":[60],"Learning":[61],"(ELM),":[63],"which":[64,90],"provides":[65,91],"acceptable":[67],"generalization":[68],"performance":[69],"as":[70,72],"well":[71],"a":[73,83,92,108,120],"fast":[74],"speed":[75],"learning.":[77],"In":[78],"this":[79],"paper,":[80],"we":[81],"offer":[82],"lightweight":[84],"combination":[85],"CNN":[87],"and":[88,94,99,104],"ELM,":[89],"quick":[93],"accurate":[95],"classification":[96,125],"building":[98],"floor,":[100],"suitable":[101],"for":[102],"power":[103],"resource-constrained":[105],"devices.":[106],"As":[107],"result,":[109],"proposed":[111],"58%":[114],"faster":[115],"than":[116,129],"benchmark,":[118],"with":[119],"slight":[121],"improvement":[122],"accuracy":[126],"(by":[127],"less":[128],"1":[130],"%).":[131]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-23T08:51:43.019350","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
