{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3170521872","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icl-gnss51451.2021.9452310","title":"Multibeam antenna array and software switching for low-complexity low-cost GNSS beamforming","display_name":"Multibeam antenna array and software switching for low-complexity low-cost GNSS beamforming","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3170521872","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icl-gnss51451.2021.9452310","mag":"3170521872"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icl-gnss51451.2021.9452310","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icl-gnss51451.2021.9452310","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 International Conference on Localization and GNSS (ICL-GNSS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110925067","display_name":"Nabanita Sengupta","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124274","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits","ror":"https://ror.org/024ape423","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124274","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nabanita Sengupta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS,Nuremberg,Germany","Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS, Nuremberg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS,Nuremberg,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124274"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS, Nuremberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124274"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087901105","display_name":"J. Rossouw van der Merwe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8441-5515"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124274","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits","ror":"https://ror.org/024ape423","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124274","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Rossouw van der Merwe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS,Nuremberg,Germany","Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS, Nuremberg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS,Nuremberg,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124274"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS, Nuremberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124274"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019989632","display_name":"Alexander Koelpin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9071-5661"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159176309","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Hamburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00g30e956","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159176309"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I884043246","display_name":"Hamburg University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04bs1pb34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I884043246"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander Koelpin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hamburg University of Technology,TUHH,Hamburg,Germany","TUHH, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hamburg University of Technology,TUHH,Hamburg,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159176309","https://openalex.org/I884043246"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"TUHH, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159176309","https://openalex.org/I884043246"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065507318","display_name":"Alexander R\u00fcgamer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5927-4685"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124274","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits","ror":"https://ror.org/024ape423","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124274","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander Rugamer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS,Nuremberg,Germany","Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS, Nuremberg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS,Nuremberg,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124274"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS, Nuremberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124274"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086746281","display_name":"Matthias Kuhl","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0119-4030"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159176309","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Hamburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00g30e956","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159176309"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I884043246","display_name":"Hamburg University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04bs1pb34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I884043246"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthias Kuhl","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hamburg University of Technology,TUHH,Hamburg,Germany","TUHH, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hamburg University of Technology,TUHH,Hamburg,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159176309","https://openalex.org/I884043246"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"TUHH, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159176309","https://openalex.org/I884043246"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041270296","display_name":"Wolfgang Felber","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1927-7870"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124274","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits","ror":"https://ror.org/024ape423","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124274","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wolfgang Felber","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS,Nuremberg,Germany","Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS, Nuremberg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS,Nuremberg,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124274"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS, Nuremberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124274"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0676,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88628903,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11383","display_name":"Advanced Antenna and Metasurface Technologies","score":0.9905999898910522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.8568801879882812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.8471527099609375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6016781330108643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.5962737798690796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.5014164447784424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptive-beamformer","display_name":"Adaptive beamformer","score":0.48304611444473267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-antenna","display_name":"Smart antenna","score":0.4739033281803131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna-array","display_name":"Antenna array","score":0.46701011061668396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.4344474673271179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/directivity","display_name":"Directivity","score":0.42471373081207275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.3268930912017822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.28548067808151245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2748889923095703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/directional-antenna","display_name":"Directional antenna","score":0.24515241384506226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.192377507686615}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.8568801879882812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.8471527099609375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6016781330108643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.5962737798690796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.5014164447784424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33378366","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4680719","display_name":"Adaptive beamformer","level":3,"score":0.48304611444473267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143635782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1187868","display_name":"Smart antenna","level":4,"score":0.4739033281803131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62191587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4771249","display_name":"Antenna array","level":3,"score":0.46701011061668396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.4344474673271179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189039984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8225412","display_name":"Directivity","level":3,"score":0.42471373081207275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3268930912017822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.28548067808151245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2748889923095703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64671776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q769152","display_name":"Directional antenna","level":3,"score":0.24515241384506226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.192377507686615}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icl-gnss51451.2021.9452310","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icl-gnss51451.2021.9452310","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 International Conference on Localization and GNSS (ICL-GNSS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:fraunhofer.de:N-641169","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://publica.fraunhofer.de/documents/N-641169.html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400801","display_name":"Publikationsdatenbank der Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Fraunhofer IIS","raw_type":"Conference Paper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publica.fraunhofer.de:publica/412952","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/412952","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400318","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"conference paper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:tore.tuhh.de:11420/10162","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11420/10162","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401751","display_name":"tub.dok (Hamburg University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I884043246","host_organization_name":"Hamburg University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I884043246"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference Paper"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.4699999988079071}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W224244742","https://openalex.org/W1600902400","https://openalex.org/W2038166203","https://openalex.org/W2065772414","https://openalex.org/W2132639726","https://openalex.org/W2273275670","https://openalex.org/W2290478327","https://openalex.org/W2318796446","https://openalex.org/W2510745310","https://openalex.org/W2595103679","https://openalex.org/W2979625159","https://openalex.org/W3035693131","https://openalex.org/W3128126528","https://openalex.org/W3160513718","https://openalex.org/W6694047969"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2535726480","https://openalex.org/W1541517973","https://openalex.org/W1990651235","https://openalex.org/W2897742851","https://openalex.org/W2571620758","https://openalex.org/W2369732138","https://openalex.org/W804926679","https://openalex.org/W2588141052","https://openalex.org/W4385625101","https://openalex.org/W2611265354"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"received":[1],"signals":[2,23],"from":[3],"GNSS":[4,15,80],"satellites":[5],"are":[6],"low":[7,18],"power":[8],"and":[9,60,72,89,92],"below":[10],"the":[11,27,41],"noise":[12],"floor.":[13],"Furthermore,":[14],"antennas":[16],"have":[17],"directivity":[19,42],"to":[20,62,86],"receive":[21],"all":[22],"simultaneously.":[24],"Beamforming":[25],"improves":[26],"carrier-to-noise":[28],"density":[29],"ratio":[30],"(C/N":[31],"<sub":[32],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[33],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">0</sub>":[34],")":[35],"before":[36],"further":[37],"processing":[38,58],"by":[39],"improving":[40],"towards":[43],"a":[44,52,68],"specific":[45],"satellite":[46,56],"using":[47],"an":[48,96],"antenna":[49,70],"array.":[50],"Creating":[51],"beam":[53],"for":[54,76,79],"each":[55],"is":[57],"intensive":[59],"leads":[61],"high":[63],"costs.":[64],"This":[65],"paper":[66],"presents":[67],"multibeam":[69],"array":[71],"software":[73],"channel":[74],"selection":[75],"low-cost":[77],"beamforming":[78],"applications.":[81],"Theoretical":[82],"evaluations":[83],"show":[84,95],"benefits":[85],"signal":[87],"gain":[88],"interference":[90],"suppression,":[91],"practical":[93],"results":[94],"initial":[97],"proof":[98],"of":[99],"concept.":[100]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
