{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2888003813","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icl-gnss.2018.8440915","title":"Direct Localisation using Ray-tracing and Least-Squares Support Vector Machines","display_name":"Direct Localisation using Ray-tracing and Least-Squares Support Vector Machines","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2888003813","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icl-gnss.2018.8440915","mag":"2888003813"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icl-gnss.2018.8440915","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icl-gnss.2018.8440915","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 8th International Conference on Localization and GNSS (ICL-GNSS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/files/186038332/Accepted_Manuscript_ICL_GNSS2018.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034833198","display_name":"Benny Chitambira","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","display_name":"University of Bristol","ror":"https://ror.org/0524sp257","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Benny Chitambira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Communication Systems & Networks Group, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Communication Systems & Networks Group, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082279856","display_name":"Simon Armour","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6319-9789"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","display_name":"University of Bristol","ror":"https://ror.org/0524sp257","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simon Armour","raw_affiliation_strings":["Communication Systems & Networks Group, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Communication Systems & Networks Group, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110195671","display_name":"Stephen Wales","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","display_name":"University of Bristol","ror":"https://ror.org/0524sp257","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephen Wales","raw_affiliation_strings":["Communication Systems & Networks Group, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Communication Systems & Networks Group, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081159321","display_name":"Mark A Beach","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6798-7001"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","display_name":"University of Bristol","ror":"https://ror.org/0524sp257","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark Beach","raw_affiliation_strings":["Communication Systems & Networks Group, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Communication Systems & Networks Group, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5034833198"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6542,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71450325,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracing","display_name":"Tracing","score":0.7631220817565918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ray-tracing","display_name":"Ray tracing (physics)","score":0.7385947108268738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7319961786270142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/line-of-sight","display_name":"Line-of-sight","score":0.622252881526947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/least-squares-function-approximation","display_name":"Least-squares function approximation","score":0.5619062781333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.5479453206062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.5414978861808777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.4897923469543457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.464862197637558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.46392664313316345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/line","display_name":"Line (geometry)","score":0.4435707628726959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.34660306572914124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.328827828168869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.14857447147369385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1260259449481964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.10109993815422058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.08240178227424622}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138673069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322229","display_name":"Tracing","level":2,"score":0.7631220817565918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121483023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7298343","display_name":"Ray tracing (physics)","level":2,"score":0.7385947108268738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7319961786270142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780928442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6553027","display_name":"Line-of-sight","level":2,"score":0.622252881526947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9936470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6510405","display_name":"Least-squares function approximation","level":3,"score":0.5619062781333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5479453206062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5414978861808777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.4897923469543457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.464862197637558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.46392664313316345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198352243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37105","display_name":"Line (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.4435707628726959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.34660306572914124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.328827828168869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.14857447147369385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1260259449481964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.10109993815422058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.08240178227424622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icl-gnss.2018.8440915","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icl-gnss.2018.8440915","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 8th International Conference on Localization and GNSS (ICL-GNSS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research-information.bris.ac.uk:openaire/894dbdfd-7d53-4f17-855f-d2aa7830f80c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/publications/894dbdfd-7d53-4f17-855f-d2aa7830f80c","pdf_url":"https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/files/186038332/Accepted_Manuscript_ICL_GNSS2018.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400895","display_name":"Bristol Research (University of Bristol)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","host_organization_name":"University of Bristol","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Chitambira, B, Armour, S, Wales, S & Beach, M 2018, Direct Localisation using Ray-tracing and Least-Squares Support Vector Machines. in 2018 8th International Conference on Localization and GNSS (ICL-GNSS 2018) : Proceedings of a meeting held 26-28 June 2018, Guimaraes, Portugal.., 8440915, INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON LOCALIZATION AND GNSS. (ICL-GNSS), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICL-GNSS.2018.8440915","raw_type":"contributionToPeriodical"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:research-information.bris.ac.uk:openaire/894dbdfd-7d53-4f17-855f-d2aa7830f80c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/publications/894dbdfd-7d53-4f17-855f-d2aa7830f80c","pdf_url":"https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/files/186038332/Accepted_Manuscript_ICL_GNSS2018.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400895","display_name":"Bristol Research (University of Bristol)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","host_organization_name":"University of Bristol","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Chitambira, B, Armour, S, Wales, S & Beach, M 2018, Direct Localisation using Ray-tracing and Least-Squares Support Vector Machines. in 2018 8th International Conference on Localization and GNSS (ICL-GNSS 2018) : Proceedings of a meeting held 26-28 June 2018, Guimaraes, Portugal.., 8440915, INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON LOCALIZATION AND GNSS. (ICL-GNSS), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICL-GNSS.2018.8440915","raw_type":"contributionToPeriodical"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8399999737739563,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5562138978","display_name":"Future Communications: People, Power and Performanace","funder_award_id":"EP/I028153/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2888003813.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2888003813.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1596717185","https://openalex.org/W2053401005","https://openalex.org/W2151388232","https://openalex.org/W2162718622","https://openalex.org/W2612702209","https://openalex.org/W3124827097","https://openalex.org/W6789889827"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2054109135","https://openalex.org/W2888673113","https://openalex.org/W2012819262","https://openalex.org/W2212288070","https://openalex.org/W2056065966","https://openalex.org/W2043557177","https://openalex.org/W2349351862","https://openalex.org/W2360340444","https://openalex.org/W2565619430","https://openalex.org/W2984988588"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,52],"paper":[1],"evaluates":[2],"a":[3,77],"novel":[4],"scheme":[5,20],"for":[6,85],"direct":[7],"2D":[8],"localization":[9],"that":[10,55],"employs":[11],"least-squares":[12],"support":[13],"vector":[14],"machines,":[15],"using":[16],"ray-tracing":[17,47],"data.":[18],"The":[19,37],"does":[21],"not":[22],"require":[23],"non-line-of-sight":[24],"identification":[25],"or":[26],"mitigation,":[27],"which":[28],"means":[29],"it":[30],"can":[31,68],"be":[32,69],"applied":[33],"under":[34],"any":[35],"conditions.":[36],"approach":[38,53,87],"requires":[39],"perfect":[40],"knowledge":[41],"of":[42,60,74],"base-station":[43],"positions":[44],"and":[45,82],"the":[46,65],"data":[48],"is":[49,63],"location":[50,67],"specific.":[51],"shows":[54],"when":[56],"an":[57],"outage":[58],"probability":[59],"twenty":[61],"percent":[62],"considered,":[64],"mobile's":[66],"determined":[70],"to":[71],"within":[72],"15m":[73],"accuracy":[75],"in":[76],"dense":[78],"urban":[79],"environment.":[80],"Usage":[81],"application":[83],"contexts":[84],"this":[86],"are":[88],"also":[89],"provided.":[90]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
