{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4380029490","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icit58465.2023.10143169","title":"Modular Multilevel Converters for Fast Charging Stations of Electric Vehicles: An Overview","display_name":"Modular Multilevel Converters for Fast Charging Stations of Electric Vehicles: An Overview","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4380029490","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icit58465.2023.10143169"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icit58465.2023.10143169","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icit58465.2023.10143169","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024560940","display_name":"Sandy Atanalian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3442-0818"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9736820","display_name":"\u00c9cole de Technologie Sup\u00e9rieure","ror":"https://ror.org/0020snb74","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I49663120","https://openalex.org/I9736820"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sandy Atanalian","raw_affiliation_strings":["(GREPCI) Ecole de Technologie Supérieure, ETS,Department of electrical engineering,Montréal,Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"(GREPCI) Ecole de Technologie Supérieure, ETS,Department of electrical engineering,Montréal,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9736820"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059738661","display_name":"Fadia Sebaaly","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0932-9526"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47099075","display_name":"Hydro-Qu\u00e9bec","ror":"https://ror.org/01nhzsw25","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47099075"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fadia Sebaaly","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut de recherche d'Hydro-Québec (IREQ), Hydro-Québec,Varennes,Qu\u00e9bec,Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut de recherche d'Hydro-Québec (IREQ), Hydro-Québec,Varennes,Qu\u00e9bec,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47099075"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005247709","display_name":"Rawad Zgheib","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9148-0473"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47099075","display_name":"Hydro-Qu\u00e9bec","ror":"https://ror.org/01nhzsw25","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47099075"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rawad Zgheib","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut de recherche d'Hydro-Québec (IREQ), Hydro-Québec,Varennes,Qu\u00e9bec,Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut de recherche d'Hydro-Québec (IREQ), Hydro-Québec,Varennes,Qu\u00e9bec,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47099075"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053052626","display_name":"Kamal Al\u2010Haddad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0276-4277"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9736820","display_name":"\u00c9cole de Technologie Sup\u00e9rieure","ror":"https://ror.org/0020snb74","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I49663120","https://openalex.org/I9736820"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kamal Al-Haddad","raw_affiliation_strings":["(GREPCI) Ecole de Technologie Supérieure, ETS,Department of electrical engineering,Montréal,Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"(GREPCI) Ecole de Technologie Supérieure, ETS,Department of electrical engineering,Montréal,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9736820"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.1271,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96865793,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11102","display_name":"HVDC Systems and Fault Protection","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11102","display_name":"HVDC Systems and Fault Protection","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.9506000280380249,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.9435999989509583,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modular-design","display_name":"Modular design","score":0.6659356355667114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interfacing","display_name":"Interfacing","score":0.6552140712738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/converters","display_name":"Converters","score":0.6514947414398193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.5889703631401062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.5868440270423889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5808058381080627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-storage","display_name":"Energy storage","score":0.49854183197021484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-topology","display_name":"Network topology","score":0.4803506135940552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.46103930473327637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.4118228554725647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3699154853820801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.28332531452178955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.26852160692214966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.07581672072410583}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101468663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158","display_name":"Modular design","level":2,"score":0.6659356355667114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776303644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1020499","display_name":"Interfacing","level":2,"score":0.6552140712738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778422915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10302051","display_name":"Converters","level":3,"score":0.6514947414398193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.5889703631401062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.5868440270423889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5808058381080627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73916439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837718","display_name":"Energy storage","level":3,"score":0.49854183197021484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199845137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145490","display_name":"Network topology","level":2,"score":0.4803506135940552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.46103930473327637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.4118228554725647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3699154853820801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.28332531452178955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.26852160692214966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.07581672072410583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icit58465.2023.10143169","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icit58465.2023.10143169","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:espace2.etsmtl.ca:27027","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://espace2.etsmtl.ca/id/eprint/27027/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402392","display_name":"Espace \u00c9TS (ETS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1341030882","host_organization_name":"Educational Testing Service","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341030882"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Compte rendu de conf\u00e9rence"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8799999952316284}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320994","display_name":"Canada Research Chairs","ror":"https://ror.org/0517h6h17"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1991625159","https://openalex.org/W2001506419","https://openalex.org/W2018398087","https://openalex.org/W2019769688","https://openalex.org/W2044322153","https://openalex.org/W2053515824","https://openalex.org/W2119960616","https://openalex.org/W2154396651","https://openalex.org/W2170968278","https://openalex.org/W2552812212","https://openalex.org/W2784141121","https://openalex.org/W2798376449","https://openalex.org/W2803577520","https://openalex.org/W2809326866","https://openalex.org/W2889492840","https://openalex.org/W2905408539","https://openalex.org/W2907193055","https://openalex.org/W2912786760","https://openalex.org/W2951283651","https://openalex.org/W2969606186","https://openalex.org/W2996066003","https://openalex.org/W2996367287","https://openalex.org/W3029903854","https://openalex.org/W3099222010","https://openalex.org/W3105873663","https://openalex.org/W3111799818","https://openalex.org/W3123775503","https://openalex.org/W3173059041","https://openalex.org/W4206549966","https://openalex.org/W4226290058","https://openalex.org/W4283211069","https://openalex.org/W4283742616","https://openalex.org/W4297911742","https://openalex.org/W4310929501","https://openalex.org/W7020755304"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2136647108","https://openalex.org/W2350029007","https://openalex.org/W1965180958","https://openalex.org/W1973428399","https://openalex.org/W2152662857","https://openalex.org/W2182594080","https://openalex.org/W2484987020","https://openalex.org/W2017757432","https://openalex.org/W2391402871","https://openalex.org/W4387546336"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1,51,68],"reviews":[2],"the":[3,37,47,50,67,72,80,89,93,99,102,110,141,161,166,180,185,193,208,211,215],"different":[4,73],"configurations":[5,74,121,156],"of":[6,23,75,82,87,92,101,105,122,135,146,188,196,210,219],"Modular":[7],"Multilevel":[8],"Converters":[9],"(MMCs)":[10],"used":[11],"in":[12,70,85,97,130,133,190,206,217],"Fast":[13,19],"Charging":[14,20],"Stations":[15,21],"(FCSs)":[16],"and":[17,40,58,64,78,96,107,125,127,143,169,200],"Extreme":[18],"(XFCs)":[22],"Electric":[24],"Vehicles":[25],"(EVs),":[26],"It":[27],"enables":[28],"a":[29,53,131],"solid":[30],"reference":[31],"for":[32],"charging":[33,94,212],"stations":[34],"operating":[35],"at":[36],"megawatt's":[38],"level":[39],"employing":[41],"novel":[42],"topologies":[43],"to":[44,117,184,192],"interface":[45],"with":[46,61,152,160],"grid.":[48,111],"First,":[49],"delivers":[52],"general":[54],"overview":[55],"on":[56,109,119,214],"FCSs":[57,106,124],"XFCs":[59,108,126],"along":[60],"their":[62],"requirements":[63],"challenges.":[65],"Then,":[66],"describes":[69],"detail":[71],"MMC":[76,84,155],"structure":[77,136],"highlights":[79],"importance":[81],"using":[83],"terms":[86,134,218],"reducing":[88,98],"overall":[90],"size":[91],"station,":[95],"impact":[100,209],"massive":[103],"integration":[104,195],"A":[112],"comparative":[113],"study":[114],"is":[115,157,174],"presented":[116],"focus":[118],"various":[120],"MMC-based":[123],"compares":[128],"them":[129],"table":[132],"components,":[137],"target":[138],"objectives":[139],"within":[140],"structure,":[142],"outcomes":[144],"benefits":[145,177],"each":[147],"type.":[148],"Common":[149],"benefit":[150],"associated":[151],"several":[153],"proposed":[154],"interfacing":[158],"directly":[159],"medium":[162],"voltage":[163],"grid,":[164],"thus":[165],"bulky,":[167],"costly,":[168],"heavy":[170],"line":[171],"frequency":[172],"transformer":[173],"removed.":[175],"Additional":[176],"include":[178],"limiting":[179],"grid-side":[181],"filter":[182],"due":[183],"high-quality":[186],"waveforms":[187],"MMC,":[189],"addition":[191],"easy":[194],"renewable":[197],"energy":[198,201],"sources":[199],"storage":[202],"systems":[203],"which":[204],"helps":[205],"managing":[207],"station":[213],"grid":[216],"power":[220],"requirement.":[221]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-22T07:34:49.880490","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}