{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1992441872","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icisa.2013.6579446","title":"Diagnosis of Vertebral Column Disorders Using Machine Learning Classifiers","display_name":"Diagnosis of Vertebral Column Disorders Using Machine Learning Classifiers","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1992441872","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icisa.2013.6579446","mag":"1992441872"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icisa.2013.6579446","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icisa.2013.6579446","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2013 International Conference on Information Science and Applications (ICISA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101389402","display_name":"Sana Ansari","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188771183","display_name":"Iqra University","ror":"https://ror.org/00thhhw55","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188771183"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sana Ansari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Islamabad Campus, Iqra University, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Islamabad Campus, Iqra University, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188771183"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001029320","display_name":"Faria Sajjad","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188771183","display_name":"Iqra University","ror":"https://ror.org/00thhhw55","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188771183"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Faria Sajjad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Islamabad Campus, Iqra University, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Islamabad Campus, Iqra University, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188771183"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073802652","display_name":"Zia Ul-Qayyum","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zia ul-Qayyum","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000408883","display_name":"Nawazish Naveed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9619-4799"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152236710","display_name":"Foundation University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/0130a6s10","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152236710"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nawazish Naveed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Foundation University, Islamabad","Foundation University, Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Foundation University, Islamabad","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152236710"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Foundation University, Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152236710"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024186686","display_name":"Imran Shafi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7912-2101"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152236710","display_name":"Foundation University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/0130a6s10","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152236710"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I53831458","display_name":"Abasyn University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ws11813","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I53831458"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Imran Shafi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Abasyn University, Islamabad","Foundation University, Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Abasyn University, Islamabad","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I53831458"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Foundation University, Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152236710"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14510","display_name":"Medical Imaging and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14510","display_name":"Medical Imaging and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10238","display_name":"Spine and Intervertebral Disc Pathology","score":0.988099992275238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2734","display_name":"Pathology and Forensic Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10776","display_name":"Spinal Fractures and Fixation Techniques","score":0.9401000142097473,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7083581686019897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7014858722686768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.6880585551261902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.6763779520988464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6630446910858154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-validation","display_name":"Cross-validation","score":0.4673823416233063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.46366196870803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backpropagation","display_name":"Backpropagation","score":0.4480302631855011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vertebral-column","display_name":"Vertebral column","score":0.44759657979011536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.403849720954895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.11343380808830261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09295323491096497}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7083581686019897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7014858722686768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.6880585551261902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.6763779520988464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6630446910858154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27181475","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q541014","display_name":"Cross-validation","level":2,"score":0.4673823416233063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.46366196870803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155032097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q798503","display_name":"Backpropagation","level":3,"score":0.4480302631855011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781012678","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q482853","display_name":"Vertebral column","level":2,"score":0.44759657979011536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.403849720954895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.11343380808830261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09295323491096497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icisa.2013.6579446","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icisa.2013.6579446","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2013 International Conference on Information Science and Applications (ICISA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.44999998807907104,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1491002512","https://openalex.org/W1531857721","https://openalex.org/W1563088657","https://openalex.org/W1569512666","https://openalex.org/W1836491999","https://openalex.org/W1994812698","https://openalex.org/W2012928219","https://openalex.org/W2013458316","https://openalex.org/W2017625521","https://openalex.org/W2096352448","https://openalex.org/W2114265235","https://openalex.org/W2128082448","https://openalex.org/W2162618348","https://openalex.org/W2244244135","https://openalex.org/W2263960809","https://openalex.org/W2920943913","https://openalex.org/W4388438912","https://openalex.org/W6629320383"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2088845016","https://openalex.org/W589102260","https://openalex.org/W1966421350","https://openalex.org/W1868434454","https://openalex.org/W4366985237","https://openalex.org/W2810569973","https://openalex.org/W2128396103","https://openalex.org/W4366984740","https://openalex.org/W2550904580","https://openalex.org/W2963653239"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Medical":[0],"science":[1],"is":[2,22,37,103,115,162],"characterized":[3],"by":[4,25],"the":[5,106,109,173],"correct":[6],"diagnosis":[7,71],"of":[8,74],"a":[9,26,40],"disease":[10],"and":[11,42,72,93,97,114,126,135,141,149,169],"its":[12],"accurate":[13,164],"classification":[14,73],"to":[15],"avoid":[16],"complexities":[17],"at":[18,55],"treatment/medication":[19],"stage.":[20],"This":[21],"often":[23],"accomplished":[24],"physician":[27],"based":[28],"on":[29,165],"experience":[30],"without":[31],"much":[32],"signal":[33],"processing":[34],"aids.":[35],"It":[36],"envisioned":[38],"that":[39,155],"sophisticated":[41],"intelligent":[43],"medical":[44],"diagnostic/classification":[45],"system":[46],"may":[47],"be":[48],"helpful":[49],"in":[50,66],"making":[51],"right":[52],"decisions":[53],"especially":[54],"remote":[56],"areas":[57],"where":[58],"specialist":[59],"physicians":[60],"are":[61,122,130,142],"not":[62],"present.":[63],"With":[64],"this":[65,68],"mind,":[67],"paper":[69],"proposes":[70],"vertebral":[75],"column":[76],"disorders":[77],"using":[78,105,132],"machine":[79,96],"learning":[80],"classifiers":[81,129],"including":[82],"feed":[83,156],"forward":[84,157],"back":[85,158],"propagation":[86,159],"neural":[87,91,160],"network,":[88],"generalized":[89],"regression":[90],"network":[92,161],"support":[94],"vector":[95],"evaluates":[98],"their":[99],"performance.":[100],"The":[101,128],"dataset":[102],"collected":[104],"information":[107],"from":[108],"magnetic":[110],"resonance":[111],"images":[112],"(MRI)":[113],"classified":[116],"into":[117],"three":[118],"different":[119,146],"classes":[120],"which":[121],"disk":[123],"hernia,":[124],"spondylolisthesis":[125],"normal.":[127],"trained":[131],"50%":[133],"ratio":[134],"10":[136],"fold":[137],"cross":[138],"validation":[139],"approaches":[140],"comprehensively":[143],"evaluated":[144],"with":[145],"architectures,":[147],"activation":[148],"kernel":[150],"functions.":[151],"Experimental":[152],"results":[153],"demonstrate":[154],"93.87%":[163],"unknown":[166],"test":[167],"cases":[168],"performs":[170],"better":[171],"than":[172],"other":[174],"methods.":[175]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}