{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386598276","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icip49359.2023.10222893","title":"MDFD: Study of Distributed Non-IID Scenarios and Frechet Distance-Based Evaluation","display_name":"MDFD: Study of Distributed Non-IID Scenarios and Frechet Distance-Based Evaluation","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386598276","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icip49359.2023.10222893"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icip49359.2023.10222893","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icip49359.2023.10222893","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115595997","display_name":"Wei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4755-1194"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nankai University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Network and Data Security Technology,Trusted AI Laboratory, College of Computer Science,Tianjin,China","Trusted AI Laboratory, College of Computer Science, Nankai University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Network and Data Security Technology, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nankai University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Network and Data Security Technology,Trusted AI Laboratory, College of Computer Science,Tianjin,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Trusted AI Laboratory, College of Computer Science, Nankai University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Network and Data Security Technology, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100778616","display_name":"Mingwei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7017-215X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingwei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nankai University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Network and Data Security Technology,Trusted AI Laboratory, College of Computer Science,Tianjin,China","Trusted AI Laboratory, College of Computer Science, Nankai University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Network and Data Security Technology, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nankai University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Network and Data Security Technology,Trusted AI Laboratory, College of Computer Science,Tianjin,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Trusted AI Laboratory, College of Computer Science, Nankai University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Network and Data Security Technology, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089271064","display_name":"Ziwen Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziwen Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nankai University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Network and Data Security Technology,Trusted AI Laboratory, College of Computer Science,Tianjin,China","Trusted AI Laboratory, College of Computer Science, Nankai University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Network and Data Security Technology, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nankai University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Network and Data Security Technology,Trusted AI Laboratory, College of Computer Science,Tianjin,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Trusted AI Laboratory, College of Computer Science, Nankai University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Network and Data Security Technology, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102590817","display_name":"Qianxi Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qianxi Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nankai University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Network and Data Security Technology,Trusted AI Laboratory, College of Computer Science,Tianjin,China","Trusted AI Laboratory, College of Computer Science, Nankai University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Network and Data Security Technology, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nankai University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Network and Data Security Technology,Trusted AI Laboratory, College of Computer Science,Tianjin,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Trusted AI Laboratory, College of Computer Science, Nankai University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Network and Data Security Technology, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100623664","display_name":"Yue Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7112-7576"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yue Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nankai University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Network and Data Security Technology,Trusted AI Laboratory, College of Computer Science,Tianjin,China","Trusted AI Laboratory, College of Computer Science, Nankai University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Network and Data Security Technology, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nankai University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Network and Data Security Technology,Trusted AI Laboratory, College of Computer Science,Tianjin,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Trusted AI Laboratory, College of Computer Science, Nankai University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Network and Data Security Technology, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5115595997"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5185,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7191323,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":null,"first_page":"2300","last_page":"2304"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12676","display_name":"Machine Learning and ELM","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/independent-and-identically-distributed-random-variables","display_name":"Independent and identically distributed random variables","score":0.8738734722137451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7709226608276367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.6897681951522827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.5957831144332886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.5119470357894897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4460431933403015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distribution","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","score":0.4186822772026062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.39303621649742126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-variable","display_name":"Random variable","score":0.2514756917953491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.15207576751708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.11771774291992188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.078407883644104}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141513077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q378542","display_name":"Independent and identically distributed random variables","level":3,"score":0.8738734722137451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7709226608276367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.6897681951522827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5957831144332886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.5119470357894897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4460431933403015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110121322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4186822772026062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.39303621649742126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122123141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176623","display_name":"Random variable","level":2,"score":0.2514756917953491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.15207576751708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.11771774291992188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.078407883644104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icip49359.2023.10222893","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icip49359.2023.10222893","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4483898529","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Z191100001119129","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334978","funder_display_name":"Beijing Nova Program"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329531","display_name":"Qian Xuesen Laboratory for Space Technology, China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334978","display_name":"Beijing Nova Program","ror":"https://ror.org/034k14f91"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2750384547","https://openalex.org/W2899730059","https://openalex.org/W2963636603","https://openalex.org/W2963819344","https://openalex.org/W2989596816","https://openalex.org/W3015598833","https://openalex.org/W3083242033","https://openalex.org/W3089866310","https://openalex.org/W3112044954","https://openalex.org/W3196463200","https://openalex.org/W4210968720","https://openalex.org/W4287332481","https://openalex.org/W4287758287","https://openalex.org/W4295312788","https://openalex.org/W4297687186","https://openalex.org/W4301206121","https://openalex.org/W4387092449","https://openalex.org/W6728757088","https://openalex.org/W6765779288"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3004218185","https://openalex.org/W4390241083","https://openalex.org/W4245457074","https://openalex.org/W2323735050","https://openalex.org/W2347733609","https://openalex.org/W2912990606","https://openalex.org/W2951342029","https://openalex.org/W1717256175","https://openalex.org/W2335738591","https://openalex.org/W2085971695"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,10,13,35,44,121],"development":[2],"of":[3,38,47,111,123],"distributed":[4,30,112],"machine":[5,25],"learning":[6,26],"and":[7,89],"federated":[8],"learning,":[9],"solution":[11],"to":[12,23,64,119],"data":[14,29,45],"island":[15],"problem":[16],"is":[17,57,62,83],"promoted.":[18],"People":[19],"use":[20],"computer":[21],"clusters":[22],"train":[24],"models":[27],"on":[28,71,108],"in":[31,66,78,115],"different":[32,109,116],"regions.":[33],"In":[34],"early":[36],"stage":[37],"research,":[39],"researchers":[40],"usually":[41],"assume":[42],"that":[43],"sets":[46],"each":[48],"node":[49],"are":[50],"independent":[51],"identically":[52],"distribution":[53,100],"(IID),":[54],"but":[55],"this":[56],"a":[58,75,96],"strong":[59],"assumption,":[60],"which":[61],"challenging":[63],"meet":[65],"practical":[67],"applications.":[68],"Therefore,":[69],"research":[70],"non-IID":[72,91,99,117],"has":[73],"become":[74],"hot":[76],"spot":[77],"recent":[79],"years.":[80],"However,":[81],"there":[82],"no":[84],"uniform":[85],"standard":[86],"for":[87],"designing":[88],"evaluating":[90],"scenarios.":[92],"This":[93],"paper":[94],"proposes":[95],"Frechet":[97],"distance-independent":[98],"dataset":[101],"metric":[102],"MDFD.":[103,124],"And":[104],"we":[105],"conducted":[106],"experiments":[107],"types":[110],"machine-learning":[113],"methods":[114],"scenarios":[118],"verify":[120],"effectiveness":[122]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}