{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4308238258","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icip46576.2022.9897806","title":"Improved Hard Example Mining Approach for Single Shot Object Detectors","display_name":"Improved Hard Example Mining Approach for Single Shot Object Detectors","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-10-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4308238258","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icip46576.2022.9897806"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icip46576.2022.9897806","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icip46576.2022.9897806","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607719","display_name":"2022 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090950867","display_name":"Aybora K\u00f6ksal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6414-7317"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201799495","display_name":"Middle East Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/014weej12","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201799495"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Aybora Koksal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Middle East Technical University,Center for Image Analysis (OGAM),Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,Ankara,Turkey","Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Center for Image Analysis (OGAM), Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Middle East Technical University,Center for Image Analysis (OGAM),Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,Ankara,Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201799495"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Center for Image Analysis (OGAM), Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201799495"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045669019","display_name":"\u00d6nder Tuzcuo\u011flu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201799495","display_name":"Middle East Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/014weej12","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201799495"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Onder Tuzcuoglu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Middle East Technical University,Center for Image Analysis (OGAM),Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,Ankara,Turkey","Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Center for Image Analysis (OGAM), Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Middle East Technical University,Center for Image Analysis (OGAM),Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,Ankara,Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201799495"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Center for Image Analysis (OGAM), Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201799495"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025488375","display_name":"Kutalm\u0131\u015f G\u00f6kalp \u0130nce","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201799495","display_name":"Middle East Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/014weej12","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201799495"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kutalmis Gokalp Ince","raw_affiliation_strings":["Middle East Technical University,Center for Image Analysis (OGAM),Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,Ankara,Turkey","Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Center for Image Analysis (OGAM), Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Middle East Technical University,Center for Image Analysis (OGAM),Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,Ankara,Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201799495"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Center for Image Analysis (OGAM), Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201799495"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073447718","display_name":"Yolda\u015f Ataseven","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56303344","display_name":"Aselsan (Turkey)","ror":"https://ror.org/04knh8e66","country_code":"TR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56303344"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yoldas Ataseven","raw_affiliation_strings":["ASELSAN Inc.,Ankara,Turkey","ASELSAN Inc., Ankara, Turkey"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ASELSAN Inc.,Ankara,Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56303344"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ASELSAN Inc., Ankara, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56303344"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070112256","display_name":"A. Ayd\u0131n Alatan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5556-7301"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201799495","display_name":"Middle East Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/014weej12","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201799495"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Aydin Alatan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Middle East Technical University,Center for Image Analysis (OGAM),Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,Ankara,Turkey","Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Center for Image Analysis (OGAM), Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Middle East Technical University,Center for Image Analysis (OGAM),Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,Ankara,Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201799495"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Center for Image Analysis (OGAM), Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201799495"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5090950867"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201799495"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7164,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79609652,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"3536","last_page":"3540"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9926000237464905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7630172967910767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.6988059878349304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.6461237668991089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.6129098534584045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/single-shot","display_name":"Single shot","score":0.5903537273406982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.4875869154930115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.4768694043159485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shot","display_name":"Shot (pellet)","score":0.4638502597808838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.4184933602809906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3909035623073578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3292337656021118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.24515455961227417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.1420760154724121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.05425193905830383}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7630172967910767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.6988059878349304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.6461237668991089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.6129098534584045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019835501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1310130","display_name":"Single shot","level":2,"score":0.5903537273406982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4875869154930115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.4768694043159485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778344882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q278938","display_name":"Shot (pellet)","level":2,"score":0.4638502597808838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4184933602809906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3909035623073578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3292337656021118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.24515455961227417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.1420760154724121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.05425193905830383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icip46576.2022.9897806","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icip46576.2022.9897806","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607719","display_name":"2022 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:https://open.metu.edu.tr:11511/100822","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIP46576.2022.9897806","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402495","display_name":"OpenMETU (Middle East Technical University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I201799495","host_organization_name":"Middle East Technical University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201799495"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP)","raw_type":"Conference Paper"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324280","display_name":"ASELSAN","ror":"https://ror.org/04knh8e66"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1554705102","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W2088049833","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2109255472","https://openalex.org/W2168356304","https://openalex.org/W2193145675","https://openalex.org/W2570343428","https://openalex.org/W2607037079","https://openalex.org/W2887368306","https://openalex.org/W2950800384","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2963516811","https://openalex.org/W2963860801","https://openalex.org/W3014167990","https://openalex.org/W3034971973","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W4293584584","https://openalex.org/W6620707391","https://openalex.org/W6633251946","https://openalex.org/W6714138976","https://openalex.org/W6750227808"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2095705906","https://openalex.org/W2970686063","https://openalex.org/W3023902953","https://openalex.org/W2975200075","https://openalex.org/W4225418833","https://openalex.org/W2801801420","https://openalex.org/W2998858795","https://openalex.org/W3187859696","https://openalex.org/W2750933153","https://openalex.org/W2791133342"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Hard":[0],"example":[1,24],"mining":[2,25],"methods":[3,81],"generally":[4],"improve":[5],"the":[6,9,46,51,69,79],"performance":[7,52],"of":[8,45],"object":[10,40],"detectors,":[11],"which":[12],"suffer":[13],"from":[14],"imbalanced":[15],"training":[16],"sets.":[17],"In":[18],"this":[19],"work,":[20],"two":[21],"existing":[22],"hard":[23,54],"approaches":[26],"(LRM":[27,82],"and":[28,34,73],"focal":[29],"loss,":[30],"FL)":[31,84],"are":[32],"adapted":[33],"combined":[35],"in":[36],"a":[37],"state-of-the-art":[38],"real-time":[39],"detector,":[41],"YOLOv5.":[42],"The":[43,59],"effectiveness":[44],"proposed":[47,60],"approach":[48],"for":[49],"improving":[50],"on":[53,86],"examples":[55],"is":[56],"extensively":[57],"evaluated.":[58],"method":[61],"increases":[62],"mAP":[63],"by":[64],"3%":[65],"compared":[66,76],"to":[67,77],"using":[68,78],"original":[70],"loss":[71],"function":[72],"around":[74],"1-2%":[75],"hard-mining":[80],"or":[83],"individually":[85],"2021":[87],"Anti-UAV":[88],"Challenge":[89],"Dataset.":[90]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-02T15:55:50.835912","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
