{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2971218105","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icip.2019.8803751","title":"Precise Adjacent Margin Loss for Deep Face Recognition","display_name":"Precise Adjacent Margin Loss for Deep Face Recognition","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-08-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2971218105","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icip.2019.8803751","mag":"2971218105"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icip.2019.8803751","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icip.2019.8803751","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://pure.ulster.ac.uk/en/publications/1fcb4779-5258-4993-8d84-676a0f65919e","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012322206","display_name":"Xin Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0976-3381"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138801177","display_name":"University of Ulster","ror":"https://ror.org/01yp9g959","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ulster University, Newtownabbey, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ulster University, Newtownabbey, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100460917","display_name":"Hui Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2633-6015"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138801177","display_name":"University of Ulster","ror":"https://ror.org/01yp9g959","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hui Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ulster University, Newtownabbey, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ulster University, Newtownabbey, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025293749","display_name":"Bryan Scotney","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8243-2223"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138801177","display_name":"University of Ulster","ror":"https://ror.org/01yp9g959","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bryan Scotney","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ulster University, Newtownabbey, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ulster University, Newtownabbey, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020556220","display_name":"Huan Wan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8722-663X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138801177","display_name":"University of Ulster","ror":"https://ror.org/01yp9g959","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huan Wan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ulster University, Newtownabbey, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ulster University, Newtownabbey, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"abs 1602 7261","issue":null,"first_page":"3641","last_page":"3645"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/softmax-function","display_name":"Softmax function","score":0.9396123290061951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/margin","display_name":"Margin (machine learning)","score":0.9391923546791077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.7299643754959106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6306169629096985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5739941596984863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5729526281356812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.5538835525512695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.48594820499420166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4447343349456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3052085041999817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.2926073670387268}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188441871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554146","display_name":"Softmax function","level":3,"score":0.9396123290061951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C774472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6760393","display_name":"Margin (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.9391923546791077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.7299643754959106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6306169629096985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5739941596984863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5729526281356812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.5538835525512695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.48594820499420166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4447343349456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3052085041999817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.2926073670387268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icip.2019.8803751","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icip.2019.8803751","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire/1fcb4779-5258-4993-8d84-676a0f65919e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.ulster.ac.uk/en/publications/1fcb4779-5258-4993-8d84-676a0f65919e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402454","display_name":"Ulster University Research Portal (Ulster University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I138801177","host_organization_name":"University of Ulster","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Wei, X, Wang, H, Scotney, B & Wan, H 2019, Precise Adjacent Margin Loss for Deep Face Recognition. in 2019 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP). 2019 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), IEEE, 2019 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China, 22/09/19. < https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8803751 >","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/1fcb4779-5258-4993-8d84-676a0f65919e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8803751","pdf_url":"https://pure.ulster.ac.uk/en/publications/1fcb4779-5258-4993-8d84-676a0f65919e","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402454","display_name":"Ulster University Research Portal (Ulster University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I138801177","host_organization_name":"University of Ulster","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Wei, X, Wang, H, Scotney, B & Wan, H 2019, Precise Adjacent Margin Loss for Deep Face Recognition. in 2019 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP). 2019 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), IEEE, 2019 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China, 22/09/19. < https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8803751 >","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.qub.ac.uk/portal:publications/4d27933b-abb3-4506-a36a-0b310217c506","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/4d27933b-abb3-4506-a36a-0b310217c506","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402319","display_name":"Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","host_organization_name":"Queen's University Belfast","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Wei , X , Wang , H , Scotney , B &amp; Wan , H 2019 , Precise Adjacent Margin Loss for Deep Face Recognition . in 2019 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP): Proceedings . 2019 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP) , Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. , United States . https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIP.2019.8803751","raw_type":"contributionToPeriodical"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire/1fcb4779-5258-4993-8d84-676a0f65919e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.ulster.ac.uk/en/publications/1fcb4779-5258-4993-8d84-676a0f65919e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402454","display_name":"Ulster University Research Portal (Ulster University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I138801177","host_organization_name":"University of Ulster","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Wei, X, Wang, H, Scotney, B & Wan, H 2019, Precise Adjacent Margin Loss for Deep Face Recognition. in 2019 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP). 2019 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), IEEE, 2019 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China, 22/09/19. < https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8803751 >","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7699999809265137,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1782590233","https://openalex.org/W1921147789","https://openalex.org/W1950843348","https://openalex.org/W2019464758","https://openalex.org/W2024922353","https://openalex.org/W2096733369","https://openalex.org/W2145287260","https://openalex.org/W2274287116","https://openalex.org/W2304348237","https://openalex.org/W2341528187","https://openalex.org/W2520774990","https://openalex.org/W2609575245","https://openalex.org/W2737608545","https://openalex.org/W2781292787","https://openalex.org/W2784163702","https://openalex.org/W2962882790","https://openalex.org/W2963466847","https://openalex.org/W2963656735","https://openalex.org/W2963671154","https://openalex.org/W2963839617","https://openalex.org/W2964350391","https://openalex.org/W2969985801","https://openalex.org/W3099206234","https://openalex.org/W3101227480","https://openalex.org/W3101998545","https://openalex.org/W3103152812","https://openalex.org/W4294029417","https://openalex.org/W6694260854","https://openalex.org/W6711814008","https://openalex.org/W6726946684","https://openalex.org/W6735013348","https://openalex.org/W6745206590","https://openalex.org/W6748010250"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3095152779","https://openalex.org/W3119773509","https://openalex.org/W3128220219","https://openalex.org/W2982889384","https://openalex.org/W4226227567","https://openalex.org/W2971218105","https://openalex.org/W3010284783","https://openalex.org/W4287113729","https://openalex.org/W3173314472","https://openalex.org/W3103152812"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Softmax":[0,18],"loss":[1,10,91,110],"is":[2,80],"arguably":[3],"one":[4],"of":[5,28,43,76,99],"the":[6,25,29,40,47,56,60,64,87,116,135],"most":[7],"widely":[8],"used":[9],"functions":[11],"in":[12,50,63],"CNNs.":[13],"In":[14,82],"recent":[15],"years":[16],"some":[17],"variants":[19],"have":[20],"been":[21],"proposed":[22,136],"to":[23],"enhance":[24],"discriminative":[26],"ability":[27],"learned":[30],"features":[31],"by":[32],"adding":[33],"additional":[34],"margin":[35,58,71],"constraints,":[36],"which":[37,79,94],"significantly":[38],"improved":[39],"state-of-the-art":[41,139],"performance":[42],"face":[44],"recognition.":[45],"However,":[46],"`margin'":[48,100],"referenced":[49],"these":[51],"losses":[52],"does":[53],"not":[54],"represent":[55],"real":[57],"between":[59],"different":[61,107],"classes":[62],"training":[65],"set.":[66],"Furthermore,":[67],"they":[68],"impose":[69],"a":[70],"on":[72,124],"all":[73],"possible":[74],"combinations":[75],"class":[77],"pairs,":[78],"unnecessary.":[81],"this":[83],"paper":[84],"we":[85],"propose":[86],"Precise":[88],"Adjacent":[89],"Margin":[90],"(PAM":[92],"loss),":[93],"gives":[95],"an":[96],"accurate":[97],"definition":[98],"and":[101,128,131],"has":[102,111,138],"precise":[103],"operations":[104],"appropriate":[105],"for":[106],"cases.":[108],"PAM":[109],"better":[112],"geometrical":[113],"interpretation":[114],"than":[115],"existing":[117],"margin-based":[118],"losses.":[119],"Extensive":[120],"experiments":[121],"are":[122],"conducted":[123],"LFW,":[125],"YTF,":[126],"MegaFace":[127],"FaceScrub":[129],"datasets,":[130],"results":[132],"show":[133],"that":[134],"method":[137],"performance.":[140]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}