{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2970324062","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icip.2019.8803138","title":"SPI-Optimizer: An Integral-Separated PI Controller for Stochastic Optimization","display_name":"SPI-Optimizer: An Integral-Separated PI Controller for Stochastic Optimization","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-08-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2970324062","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icip.2019.8803138","mag":"2970324062"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icip.2019.8803138","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icip.2019.8803138","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100411884","display_name":"Dan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2395-4838"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114105","display_name":"Tsinghua\u2013Berkeley Shenzhen Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02hhwwz98","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114105","https://openalex.org/I95457486","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenzhen Institute of Future Media Technology","Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institite, Tsinghua University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Institute of Future Media Technology","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institite, Tsinghua University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114105","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021272610","display_name":"Mengqi Ji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9210-6851"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mengqi Ji","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hong Kong University of Science and Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100766326","display_name":"Yong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2797-9004"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114105","display_name":"Tsinghua\u2013Berkeley Shenzhen Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02hhwwz98","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114105","https://openalex.org/I95457486","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenzhen Institute of Future Media Technology","Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institite, Tsinghua University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Institute of Future Media Technology","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institite, Tsinghua University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114105","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028229824","display_name":"Haoqian Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2792-8469"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114105","display_name":"Tsinghua\u2013Berkeley Shenzhen Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02hhwwz98","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114105","https://openalex.org/I95457486","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haoqian Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenzhen Institute of Future Media Technology","Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institite, Tsinghua University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Institute of Future Media Technology","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institite, Tsinghua University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114105","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039161616","display_name":"Lu Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8258-784X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114105","display_name":"Tsinghua\u2013Berkeley Shenzhen Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02hhwwz98","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114105","https://openalex.org/I95457486","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lu Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenzhen Institute of Future Media Technology","Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institite, Tsinghua University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Institute of Future Media Technology","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institite, Tsinghua University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114105","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4374,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.66812305,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":null,"first_page":"2129","last_page":"2133"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12676","display_name":"Machine Learning and ELM","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12676","display_name":"Machine Learning and ELM","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11612","display_name":"Stochastic Gradient Optimization Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11321","display_name":"Error Correcting Code Techniques","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mnist-database","display_name":"MNIST database","score":0.7885379791259766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pid-controller","display_name":"PID controller","score":0.7394211292266846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.6658785343170166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.5595871210098267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.5505290031433105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/momentum","display_name":"Momentum (technical analysis)","score":0.538203239440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oscillation","display_name":"Oscillation (cell signaling)","score":0.5330098271369934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reduction","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","score":0.491789847612381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/term","display_name":"Term (time)","score":0.4672676622867584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.4552634060382843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.38299477100372314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.3220292031764984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.25290316343307495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1739829182624817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1533064842224121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10826283693313599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.08453920483589172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.07409757375717163}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190502265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17069496","display_name":"MNIST database","level":3,"score":0.7885379791259766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47116090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q716829","display_name":"PID controller","level":3,"score":0.7394211292266846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.6658785343170166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.5595871210098267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.5505290031433105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60718061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414747","display_name":"Momentum (technical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.538203239440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778439541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7106412","display_name":"Oscillation (cell signaling)","level":2,"score":0.5330098271369934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.491789847612381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.4672676622867584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4552634060382843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.38299477100372314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3220292031764984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.25290316343307495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1739829182624817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1533064842224121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10826283693313599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.08453920483589172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.07409757375717163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C536315585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7698332","display_name":"Temperature control","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icip.2019.8803138","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icip.2019.8803138","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.hkust.edu.hk:1783.1-101420","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://repository.hkust.edu.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-101420","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference paper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.ust.hk:1783.1-101420","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://repository.ust.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-101420","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference paper"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W6908809","https://openalex.org/W1496192324","https://openalex.org/W1498436455","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1552300625","https://openalex.org/W1988720110","https://openalex.org/W1994616650","https://openalex.org/W2077858059","https://openalex.org/W2100495367","https://openalex.org/W2146502635","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2401231614","https://openalex.org/W2619307294","https://openalex.org/W2619516334","https://openalex.org/W2745144057","https://openalex.org/W2785523195","https://openalex.org/W2798391154","https://openalex.org/W2936995161","https://openalex.org/W2962716258","https://openalex.org/W2963015618","https://openalex.org/W2963208657","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2964121744","https://openalex.org/W2964137095","https://openalex.org/W3102132650","https://openalex.org/W3147765605","https://openalex.org/W6600284362","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6681435938","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6738491991","https://openalex.org/W6738693370","https://openalex.org/W6747620207","https://openalex.org/W6761030284","https://openalex.org/W6793127723"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4386603768","https://openalex.org/W2950475743","https://openalex.org/W2886711096","https://openalex.org/W2750384547","https://openalex.org/W4380078352","https://openalex.org/W3046591097","https://openalex.org/W4389249638","https://openalex.org/W2733410219","https://openalex.org/W2734358244","https://openalex.org/W4388700941"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"overcome":[1],"the":[2,6,15,32,44,49,53,76,98],"oscillation":[3,30],"problem":[4,46],"in":[5],"classical":[7],"momentum-based":[8],"optimizer,":[9],"recent":[10],"work":[11],"associates":[12],"it":[13],"with":[14,31,104],"proportional-integral":[16],"(PI)":[17],"controller,":[18],"and":[19,57,80,100,114,122],"artificially":[20],"adds":[21],"D":[22],"term":[23,73],"producing":[24],"a":[25],"PID":[26],"controller.":[27],"It":[28,70],"suppresses":[29],"sacrifice":[33],"of":[34,52,78],"introducing":[35,67],"extra":[36,68],"hyper-parameter.":[37,69],"In":[38],"this":[39],"paper,":[40],"we":[41],"analyze":[42],"that":[43,88],"fluctuation":[45],"relates":[47],"to":[48,96,109,125],"lag":[50],"effect":[51],"integral":[54],"(I)":[55],"term,":[56],"propose":[58],"SPI-Optimizer,":[59],"an":[60],"integral-Separated":[61],"PI":[62],"controller":[63],"based":[64],"optimizer":[65],"WITHOUT":[66],"separates":[71],"momentum":[72],"adaptively":[74],"when":[75],"inconsistency":[77],"current":[79],"historical":[81],"gradient":[82],"direction":[83],"occurs.":[84],"Extensive":[85],"experiments":[86],"demonstrate":[87],"SPI-Optimizer":[89],"generalizes":[90],"well":[91],"on":[92,119],"popular":[93],"network":[94],"architectures":[95],"eliminate":[97],"oscillation,":[99],"owns":[101],"competitive":[102],"performance":[103],"faster":[105],"convergence":[106],"speed":[107],"(up":[108,124],"40%":[110],"epochs":[111],"reduction":[112,128],"ratio)":[113,129],"more":[115],"accurate":[116],"classification":[117],"result":[118],"MNIST,":[120],"CIFAR10,":[121],"CIFAR100":[123],"27.5%":[126],"error":[127],"than":[130],"state-of-the-art":[131],"methods.":[132]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}