{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2294109271","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icip.2015.7351024","title":"DEEPFOCAL: A method for direct focal length estimation","display_name":"DEEPFOCAL: A method for direct focal length estimation","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2294109271","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icip.2015.7351024","mag":"2294109271"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icip.2015.7351024","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icip.2015.7351024","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001886403","display_name":"Scott Workman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143302722","display_name":"University of Kentucky","ror":"https://ror.org/02k3smh20","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Scott Workman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Kentucky"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Kentucky","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005326254","display_name":"Connor Greenwell","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143302722","display_name":"University of Kentucky","ror":"https://ror.org/02k3smh20","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Connor Greenwell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Kentucky"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Kentucky","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109587250","display_name":"Menghua Zhai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143302722","display_name":"University of Kentucky","ror":"https://ror.org/02k3smh20","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Menghua Zhai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Kentucky"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Kentucky","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013210402","display_name":"Ryan Baltenberger","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143302722","display_name":"University of Kentucky","ror":"https://ror.org/02k3smh20","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ryan Baltenberger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Kentucky"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Kentucky","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029557305","display_name":"Nathan Jacobs","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4242-8967"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143302722","display_name":"University of Kentucky","ror":"https://ror.org/02k3smh20","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nathan Jacobs","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Kentucky"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Kentucky","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001886403"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2462,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":96,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92252122,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1369","last_page":"1373"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10638","display_name":"Optical measurement and interference techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focal-length","display_name":"Focal length","score":0.8493417501449585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7089166045188904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preprocessor","display_name":"Preprocessor","score":0.6520209312438965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6459122896194458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calibration","display_name":"Calibration","score":0.5584102272987366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5262255668640137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5220584869384766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.4994993209838867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.4348500967025757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/planar","display_name":"Planar","score":0.4138745665550232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3860071301460266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3669961988925934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2513755261898041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.19673848152160645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.1412121057510376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.11321023106575012}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82552819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193540","display_name":"Focal length","level":3,"score":0.8493417501449585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7089166045188904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.6520209312438965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6459122896194458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.5584102272987366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5262255668640137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5220584869384766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.4994993209838867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.4348500967025757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134786449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3391255","display_name":"Planar","level":2,"score":0.4138745665550232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3860071301460266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3669961988925934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2513755261898041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.19673848152160645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.1412121057510376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.11321023106575012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15336307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1766051","display_name":"Lens (geology)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icip.2015.7351024","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icip.2015.7351024","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.718.9049","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.718.9049","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://cs.uky.edu/%7Escott/resources/deepfocal.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W15567185","https://openalex.org/W226250005","https://openalex.org/W569232324","https://openalex.org/W1498183729","https://openalex.org/W1504729745","https://openalex.org/W1546771929","https://openalex.org/W1566135517","https://openalex.org/W1576834227","https://openalex.org/W1582020661","https://openalex.org/W1592011777","https://openalex.org/W1981487631","https://openalex.org/W2019882360","https://openalex.org/W2029436146","https://openalex.org/W2042119491","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2103388840","https://openalex.org/W2109441445","https://openalex.org/W2112634643","https://openalex.org/W2112731915","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2124535811","https://openalex.org/W2125310925","https://openalex.org/W2133934946","https://openalex.org/W2134670479","https://openalex.org/W2145287260","https://openalex.org/W2146814781","https://openalex.org/W2149933564","https://openalex.org/W2150976268","https://openalex.org/W2155880278","https://openalex.org/W2155893237","https://openalex.org/W2160110230","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2167667767","https://openalex.org/W2169796049","https://openalex.org/W2171740948","https://openalex.org/W2951234442","https://openalex.org/W2962883796","https://openalex.org/W4299518610","https://openalex.org/W6630162374","https://openalex.org/W6632360823","https://openalex.org/W6634807116","https://openalex.org/W6676930848","https://openalex.org/W6679792166","https://openalex.org/W6682132143","https://openalex.org/W6683489463","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6685261749","https://openalex.org/W6765897598","https://openalex.org/W7045581723"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4308096411","https://openalex.org/W1452503678","https://openalex.org/W2102480273","https://openalex.org/W2154208569","https://openalex.org/W4293226380","https://openalex.org/W4286458607","https://openalex.org/W4285411112","https://openalex.org/W2221738209","https://openalex.org/W4206327962","https://openalex.org/W2804481500"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Estimating":[0],"the":[1,48,57,77,94,101],"focal":[2,21,78,102],"length":[3,22,79,103],"of":[4,50,59,96],"an":[5,8,111],"image":[6],"is":[7],"important":[9],"preprocessing":[10],"step":[11],"for":[12,19],"many":[13],"applications.":[14],"Despite":[15],"this,":[16],"existing":[17],"methods":[18],"single-view":[20],"estimation":[23],"are":[24],"limited":[25],"in":[26,47],"that":[27,92],"they":[28],"require":[29],"particular":[30],"geometric":[31],"calibration":[32,43],"objects,":[33],"such":[34],"as":[35,85],"orthogonal":[36,116],"vanishing":[37,117],"points,":[38],"co-planar":[39],"circles,":[40],"or":[41],"a":[42,60],"grid,":[44],"to":[45,74,99],"occur":[46],"field":[49],"view.":[51],"In":[52],"this":[53],"work,":[54],"we":[55],"explore":[56],"application":[58],"deep":[61],"convolutional":[62],"neural":[63],"network,":[64],"trained":[65],"on":[66],"natural":[67],"images":[68],"obtained":[69],"from":[70],"Internet":[71],"photo":[72],"collections,":[73],"directly":[75],"estimate":[76,100],"using":[80],"only":[81],"raw":[82],"pixel":[83],"intensities":[84],"input":[86],"features.":[87],"We":[88],"present":[89],"quantitative":[90],"results":[91],"demonstrate":[93],"ability":[95],"our":[97],"technique":[98],"with":[104],"comparisons":[105],"against":[106],"several":[107],"baseline":[108],"methods,":[109],"including":[110],"automatic":[112],"method":[113],"which":[114],"uses":[115],"points.":[118]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}