{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2025382794","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icip.2014.7025144","title":"Extended local binary pattern fusion for face recognition","display_name":"Extended local binary pattern fusion for face recognition","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2025382794","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icip.2014.7025144","mag":"2025382794"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icip.2014.7025144","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icip.2014.7025144","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2014 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100418783","display_name":"Li Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2011-2873"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information System and Management, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","School of Information System and Management, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China 410073"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information System and Management, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information System and Management, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China 410073","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078015739","display_name":"Paul Fieguth","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7260-2260"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Fieguth","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada","Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo,                         Waterloo, Canada, N2L 3G1"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo,                         Waterloo, Canada, N2L 3G1","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082301986","display_name":"Guoying Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3694-206X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guoying Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland","Center for Machine Vision Research, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Machine Vision Research, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014611768","display_name":"Matti Pietik\u00e4inen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2263-6731"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matti Pietikainen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland","Center for Machine Vision Research, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Machine Vision Research, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"718","last_page":"722"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.6427362561225891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fusion","display_name":"Fusion","score":0.6019784212112427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/local-binary-patterns","display_name":"Local binary patterns","score":0.5828034281730652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5708463191986084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5608458518981934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.515684962272644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.5114706754684448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.48804178833961487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.38932183384895325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11569255590438843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.07950258255004883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.047555625438690186}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.6427362561225891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.6019784212112427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87335442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2494345","display_name":"Local binary patterns","level":4,"score":0.5828034281730652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5708463191986084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5608458518981934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.515684962272644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.5114706754684448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.48804178833961487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.38932183384895325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11569255590438843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.07950258255004883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.047555625438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icip.2014.7025144","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icip.2014.7025144","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2014 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1573965745","https://openalex.org/W1578352865","https://openalex.org/W1593693679","https://openalex.org/W1975056068","https://openalex.org/W1975959625","https://openalex.org/W1985425861","https://openalex.org/W1990254706","https://openalex.org/W2009094591","https://openalex.org/W2021822368","https://openalex.org/W2022274350","https://openalex.org/W2054891869","https://openalex.org/W2096027770","https://openalex.org/W2097486709","https://openalex.org/W2103496373","https://openalex.org/W2117072267","https://openalex.org/W2125874614","https://openalex.org/W2131081720","https://openalex.org/W2136517206","https://openalex.org/W2147141800","https://openalex.org/W2163352848","https://openalex.org/W2163808566","https://openalex.org/W6634153291","https://openalex.org/W6655917568","https://openalex.org/W6677495702","https://openalex.org/W6681645188"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1991566984","https://openalex.org/W2163808566","https://openalex.org/W2342684998","https://openalex.org/W2122718025","https://openalex.org/W2486556835","https://openalex.org/W2074584451","https://openalex.org/W2391818028","https://openalex.org/W2897995864","https://openalex.org/W2001391903","https://openalex.org/W1985878399"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,86,166],"simple,":[4],"novel,":[5],"yet":[6],"highly":[7],"effective":[8],"approach":[9],"for":[10,114,158],"robust":[11],"face":[12,88],"recognition.":[13],"Given":[14],"LBP-like":[15],"descriptors":[16,44],"based":[17],"on":[18,131],"local":[19,31],"accumulated":[20],"pixel":[21],"differences,":[22],"Angular":[23],"Differences":[24,28],"(AD)":[25],"and":[26,40,53,63,78,136],"Radial":[27],"(RD),":[29],"the":[30,74,125,128,132,154,159,160],"differences":[32],"are":[33],"decomposed":[34],"into":[35],"complementary":[36],"components":[37],"of":[38,60,76,96,127,169],"signs":[39],"magnitudes.":[41],"The":[42,108,139],"proposed":[43,129,140],"have":[45,123],"desirable":[46],"features:":[47],"(1)":[48],"robustness":[49],"to":[50,152],"lighting,":[51],"pose,":[52],"expression;":[54],"(2)":[55],"computation":[56],"efficiency;":[57],"(3)":[58],"encoding":[59],"both":[61],"microstructures":[62],"macrostructures;":[64],"(4)":[65],"consistent":[66],"in":[67],"form":[68],"with":[69,165],"traditional":[70],"LBP,":[71],"thus":[72],"inheriting":[73],"merits":[75],"LBP;":[77],"(5)":[79],"no":[80],"required":[81],"training,":[82],"improving":[83],"generalizability.":[84],"From":[85],"given":[87],"image,":[89],"we":[90,150],"obtain":[91],"six":[92],"histogram":[93],"features,":[94],"each":[95],"which":[97],"is":[98,112],"obtained":[99],"by":[100,118],"concatenating":[101],"spatial":[102],"histograms":[103],"extracted":[104],"from":[105],"nonoverlapping":[106],"subregions.":[107],"Whitened":[109],"PCA":[110],"technique":[111],"used":[113],"dimensionality":[115],"reduction,":[116],"followed":[117],"Nearest":[119],"Neighbor":[120],"classification.":[121],"We":[122],"evaluated":[124],"effectiveness":[126],"method":[130,141],"Extended":[133],"Yale":[134],"B":[135],"CAS-PEAL-R1":[137,161],"databases.":[138],"impressively":[142],"outperforms":[143],"other":[144],"well":[145],"known":[146],"systems,":[147],"including":[148],"what":[149],"believe":[151],"be":[153],"best":[155],"reported":[156],"performance":[157],"lighting":[162],"probe":[163],"set":[164],"recognition":[167],"rate":[168],"72.3%.":[170]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
