{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1993126342","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icip.2012.6467327","title":"Digital image watermarking method using between-class variance","display_name":"Digital image watermarking method using between-class variance","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1993126342","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icip.2012.6467327","mag":"1993126342"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icip.2012.6467327","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icip.2012.6467327","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 19th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078093396","display_name":"Kazuki Yamato","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1126-9094"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I207399273","display_name":"Utsunomiya University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bx1gz93","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I207399273"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kazuki Yamato","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Engineering, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan","Grad. Sch. of Eng., Utsunomiya Univ., Utsunomiya, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Engineering, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I207399273"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Grad. Sch. of Eng., Utsunomiya Univ., Utsunomiya, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I207399273"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086599298","display_name":"Madoka Hasegawa","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I207399273","display_name":"Utsunomiya University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bx1gz93","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I207399273"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Madoka Hasegawa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Engineering, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan","Grad. Sch. of Eng., Utsunomiya Univ., Utsunomiya, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Engineering, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I207399273"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Grad. Sch. of Eng., Utsunomiya Univ., Utsunomiya, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I207399273"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007311789","display_name":"Yuichi Tanaka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4010-3154"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74801974","display_name":"The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92614990","display_name":"Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00qg0kr10","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92614990"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuichi Tanaka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of BASE, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan","Grad. Sch. of BASE, Tokyo Univ. of Agric. & Technol., Koganei, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of BASE, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92614990"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Grad. Sch. of BASE, Tokyo Univ. of Agric. & Technol., Koganei, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112304114","display_name":"Shigeo Kato","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I207399273","display_name":"Utsunomiya University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bx1gz93","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I207399273"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shigeo Kato","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Engineering, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan","Grad. Sch. of Eng., Utsunomiya Univ., Utsunomiya, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Engineering, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I207399273"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Grad. Sch. of Eng., Utsunomiya Univ., Utsunomiya, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I207399273"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.08791,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"smc 9","issue":null,"first_page":"2185","last_page":"2188"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10901","display_name":"Advanced Data Compression Techniques","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-watermarking","display_name":"Digital watermarking","score":0.8667843341827393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.6912329792976379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6851054430007935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variance","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","score":0.6120943427085876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.6015103459358215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5079298615455627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.49677711725234985}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150817343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875932","display_name":"Digital watermarking","level":3,"score":0.8667843341827393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.6912329792976379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6851054430007935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196083921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915758","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","level":2,"score":0.6120943427085876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6015103459358215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5079298615455627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.49677711725234985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icip.2012.6467327","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icip.2012.6467327","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 19th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6000000238418579,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1986488827","https://openalex.org/W2076033735","https://openalex.org/W2077194858","https://openalex.org/W2120804545","https://openalex.org/W2133059825","https://openalex.org/W2133665775","https://openalex.org/W2162371785","https://openalex.org/W2325171210","https://openalex.org/W7075663830"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2361629745","https://openalex.org/W2107922825","https://openalex.org/W3094285444","https://openalex.org/W1568204688","https://openalex.org/W2381262728","https://openalex.org/W2111592878","https://openalex.org/W1846726187","https://openalex.org/W2367449261","https://openalex.org/W2372007853","https://openalex.org/W2385289568"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,92,137],"propose":[1],"a":[2,43,68,100],"low-complexity,":[3],"pixel-based":[4],"watermarking":[5],"method":[6,97,109],"utilizing":[7],"the":[8,24,71,77,82,89,94,104,112,127],"edge":[9,29,40,90],"areas":[10],"in":[11,38,85],"an":[12,17,39],"image.":[13],"In":[14,122],"this":[15,123],"method,":[16],"image":[18,113,128],"is":[19,42,73],"divided":[20],"into":[21,56],"blocks":[22,25,30],"and":[23,31,63,102,120,135,144],"are":[26,53],"classified":[27,55],"as":[28],"non-edge":[32],"blocks.":[33],"The":[34,107],"histogram":[35],"of":[36,70,88,130],"pixels":[37,52],"block":[41],"bi-modal":[44],"distribution":[45],"which":[46],"has":[47],"two":[48,57],"peaks.":[49],"Therefore,":[50],"these":[51],"further":[54],"classes":[58],"named":[59],"\u201chigh":[60],"peak":[61,65],"class\u201d":[62],"\u201clow":[64],"class\u201d.":[66],"Then,":[67],"bit":[69],"watermark":[72],"embedded":[74],"by":[75,80],"controlling":[76,103],"between-class":[78,105],"variance":[79],"changing":[81],"pixel":[83],"values":[84],"each":[86],"class":[87],"block.":[91],"utilized":[93],"discriminant":[95],"analysis":[96],"for":[98],"deciding":[99],"threshold":[101],"variance.":[106],"proposed":[108],"can":[110],"improve":[111],"quality":[114,129],"while":[115],"maintaining":[116],"robustness":[117,140],"against":[118,141],"compression":[119,143],"smoothing.":[121],"paper,":[124],"we":[125],"evaluated":[126,139],"watermarked":[131],"images":[132],"using":[133],"PSNR":[134],"SSIM.":[136],"also":[138],"JPEG":[142],"Gaussian":[145],"filtering.":[146]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}