{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2062233254","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icip.2011.6115853","title":"Modeling the EXIF-Image correlation for image manipulation detection","display_name":"Modeling the EXIF-Image correlation for image manipulation detection","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2062233254","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icip.2011.6115853","mag":"2062233254"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icip.2011.6115853","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icip.2011.6115853","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2011 18th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102013595","display_name":"Jiayuan Fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7494-0255"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiayuan Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080977911","display_name":"Alex C. Kot","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6262-8125"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alex C. Kot","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101971891","display_name":"Hong Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3793-6844"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115228651","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hong Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Inforcomm Research, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore","[Institute for Inforcomm Research, A-STAR, Singapore]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Inforcomm Research, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Institute for Inforcomm Research, A-STAR, Singapore]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018853653","display_name":"Farook Sattar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6272-3982"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I212119943","display_name":"University of Victoria","ror":"https://ror.org/04s5mat29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Farook Sattar","raw_affiliation_strings":["NEPTUNE Canada, University of Victoria, Canada","NEPTUNE Canada University of Victoria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NEPTUNE Canada, University of Victoria, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NEPTUNE Canada University of Victoria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":null,"first_page":"1945","last_page":"1948"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":0.9797999858856201,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9708999991416931,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7147318720817566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6695590019226074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5562741160392761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5210051536560059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.5132179260253906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.49551284313201904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.48808157444000244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-selection","display_name":"Feature selection","score":0.47824373841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-detection","display_name":"Feature detection (computer vision)","score":0.4614585340023041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correlation","display_name":"Correlation","score":0.45371776819229126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-file-formats","display_name":"Image file formats","score":0.45136263966560364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/header","display_name":"Header","score":0.44082772731781006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-model","display_name":"Statistical model","score":0.43660539388656616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-editing","display_name":"Image editing","score":0.4284512996673584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4131110906600952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-processing","display_name":"Image processing","score":0.2947862446308136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2248612642288208}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7147318720817566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6695590019226074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5562741160392761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5210051536560059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.5132179260253906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.49551284313201904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.48808157444000244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.47824373841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126422989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q93586","display_name":"Feature detection (computer vision)","level":4,"score":0.4614585340023041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117220453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5172842","display_name":"Correlation","level":2,"score":0.45371776819229126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65377053","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1572121","display_name":"Image file formats","level":3,"score":0.45136263966560364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48105269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1141160","display_name":"Header","level":2,"score":0.44082772731781006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114289077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3284399","display_name":"Statistical model","level":2,"score":0.43660539388656616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776674983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q545981","display_name":"Image editing","level":3,"score":0.4284512996673584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4131110906600952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.2947862446308136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2248612642288208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icip.2011.6115853","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icip.2011.6115853","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2011 18th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1514016044","https://openalex.org/W1515615411","https://openalex.org/W1580648432","https://openalex.org/W2084641094","https://openalex.org/W2096754397","https://openalex.org/W2098594597","https://openalex.org/W2104862701","https://openalex.org/W2107461197","https://openalex.org/W2130392010","https://openalex.org/W2158071928","https://openalex.org/W2160387688","https://openalex.org/W6630793750"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2609693111","https://openalex.org/W949197740","https://openalex.org/W2373026623","https://openalex.org/W2101497104","https://openalex.org/W2621153692","https://openalex.org/W2973442750","https://openalex.org/W2885050300","https://openalex.org/W3022867133","https://openalex.org/W2390796096","https://openalex.org/W3174717293"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"EXchangeable":[0],"Image":[1],"File":[2],"format":[3],"(EXIF)":[4],"is":[5,96],"a":[6,42,63,75,91,100],"metadata":[7],"header":[8],"containing":[9],"shot-related":[10],"camera":[11],"settings":[12,22],"such":[13],"as":[14,62,90],"aperture,":[15],"exposure":[16],"time,":[17],"ISO":[18],"speed":[19],"etc.":[20],"These":[21],"can":[23],"affect":[24],"the":[25,36,129],"photo":[26],"content":[27],"in":[28,123],"many":[29],"ways.":[30],"In":[31],"this":[32],"paper,":[33],"we":[34,72,113],"investigate":[35],"underlying":[37,88],"EXIF-Image":[38],"correlation":[39,89,108],"and":[40,121,135],"propose":[41],"novel":[43],"model,":[44],"which":[45],"correlates":[46],"image":[47,68,77,111,133],"statistical":[48,69,78],"noise":[49,70,79],"features":[50],"with":[51],"several":[52],"commonly":[53],"used":[54],"EXIF":[55,60],"features.":[56],"By":[57],"formulating":[58],"each":[59],"feature":[61,80],"weighted":[64],"combination":[65],"of":[66,93,118,131],"different":[67,125],"features,":[71],"first":[73],"select":[74],"compact":[76],"set":[81,92],"using":[82,99],"sequential":[83],"floating":[84],"forward":[85],"selection.":[86],"The":[87],"regression":[94],"weights":[95],"then":[97],"solved":[98],"least":[101],"squares":[102],"solution.":[103],"When":[104],"applying":[105],"our":[106],"learned":[107],"to":[109,127],"detect":[110,128],"manipulation,":[112],"achieve":[114],"average":[115],"test":[116],"accuracies":[117],"94.6%,":[119],"94.1%":[120],"94.9%":[122],"three":[124],"cameras":[126],"presence":[130],"common":[132],"brightness":[134],"contrast":[136],"adjustment.":[137]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
