{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2016736297","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icip.2010.5651357","title":"Improved 3-D facial representation through statistical shape model","display_name":"Improved 3-D facial representation through statistical shape model","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2016736297","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icip.2010.5651357","mag":"2016736297"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icip.2010.5651357","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icip.2010.5651357","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2010 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065030839","display_name":"Wei Quan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2099-9520"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185852735","display_name":"University of Central Lancashire","ror":"https://ror.org/010jbqd54","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185852735"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wei Quan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Applied Digital Signal and Image Processing (ADSIP) Research Centre, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK","Applied Digital Signal and Image Processing (ADSIP) Research Centre, University of Central, Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Digital Signal and Image Processing (ADSIP) Research Centre, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185852735"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Digital Signal and Image Processing (ADSIP) Research Centre, University of Central, Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185852735"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050314744","display_name":"Bogdan J. Matuszewski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7195-2509"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185852735","display_name":"University of Central Lancashire","ror":"https://ror.org/010jbqd54","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185852735"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bogdan J. Matuszewski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Applied Digital Signal and Image Processing (ADSIP) Research Centre, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK","Applied Digital Signal and Image Processing (ADSIP) Research Centre, University of Central, Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Digital Signal and Image Processing (ADSIP) Research Centre, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185852735"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Digital Signal and Image Processing (ADSIP) Research Centre, University of Central, Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185852735"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070076820","display_name":"Lik\u2010Kwan Shark","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9156-2003"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185852735","display_name":"University of Central Lancashire","ror":"https://ror.org/010jbqd54","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185852735"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lik-Kwan Shark","raw_affiliation_strings":["Applied Digital Signal and Image Processing (ADSIP) Research Centre, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK","Applied Digital Signal and Image Processing (ADSIP) Research Centre, University of Central, Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Digital Signal and Image Processing (ADSIP) Research Centre, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185852735"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Digital Signal and Image Processing (ADSIP) Research Centre, University of Central, Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185852735"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065030839"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185852735"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2749,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80814548,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":null,"first_page":"2433","last_page":"2436"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10719","display_name":"3D Shape Modeling and Analysis","score":0.9523000121116638,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-model","display_name":"Statistical model","score":0.6557014584541321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.654090940952301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6452770829200745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-distribution-model","display_name":"Point distribution model","score":0.639390230178833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.6278896927833557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6243085265159607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","score":0.5759373903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5226880311965942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iterative-closest-point","display_name":"Iterative closest point","score":0.5168095827102661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/active-shape-model","display_name":"Active shape model","score":0.5071902275085449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4935652017593384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/active-appearance-model","display_name":"Active appearance model","score":0.4745781421661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.4673106372356415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.4636251926422119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4463099539279938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface","display_name":"Surface (topology)","score":0.4375040531158447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2963232398033142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.15389788150787354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.10984250903129578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.08341333270072937}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114289077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3284399","display_name":"Statistical model","level":2,"score":0.6557014584541321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.654090940952301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6452770829200745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118317068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2100760","display_name":"Point distribution model","level":2,"score":0.639390230178833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.6278896927833557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6243085265159607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.5759373903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5226880311965942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195958017","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1675268","display_name":"Iterative closest point","level":3,"score":0.5168095827102661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129641003","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267189","display_name":"Active shape model","level":3,"score":0.5071902275085449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4935652017593384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83248878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q344000","display_name":"Active appearance model","level":3,"score":0.4745781421661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.4673106372356415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.4636251926422119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4463099539279938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776799497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484298","display_name":"Surface (topology)","level":2,"score":0.4375040531158447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2963232398033142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.15389788150787354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.10984250903129578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.08341333270072937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icip.2010.5651357","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icip.2010.5651357","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2010 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:clok.uclan.ac.uk:5456","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://clok.uclan.ac.uk/5456/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402361","display_name":"CLOK (University of Central Lancashire)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I185852735","host_organization_name":"University of Lancashire","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185852735"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Book Section"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Gender equality","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","score":0.6499999761581421}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2108973506","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/D077540/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G329897678","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/H024913/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W290872163","https://openalex.org/W1628541567","https://openalex.org/W1964443500","https://openalex.org/W2035605722","https://openalex.org/W2038952578","https://openalex.org/W2060451633","https://openalex.org/W2066642295","https://openalex.org/W2102532543","https://openalex.org/W2113866532","https://openalex.org/W2136063698","https://openalex.org/W2137306662","https://openalex.org/W2137801848","https://openalex.org/W2143875529","https://openalex.org/W2160126058","https://openalex.org/W6610317555","https://openalex.org/W6636620952","https://openalex.org/W6679975153"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W108291172","https://openalex.org/W35828208","https://openalex.org/W2032858718","https://openalex.org/W2101489611","https://openalex.org/W1545896177","https://openalex.org/W2112791239","https://openalex.org/W1982919334","https://openalex.org/W2165902556","https://openalex.org/W2152616541","https://openalex.org/W2182986921"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,59],"paper":[1],"describes":[2],"an":[3],"improved":[4],"3-D":[5,31,112,126],"facial":[6,113],"representation":[7],"method":[8,63,119],"capable":[9],"of":[10,14,44,65,86,125],"modeling":[11],"different":[12],"types":[13],"faces":[15],"without":[16],"any":[17],"constraint":[18],"from":[19],"expression,":[20],"age,":[21],"gender,":[22],"or":[23],"ethnic":[24],"origin.":[25],"Using":[26],"the":[27,45,90,96,117,123],"proposed":[28,118],"technique,":[29],"a":[30,37,54,84,100],"face":[32,98],"can":[33,120],"be":[34],"represented":[35],"by":[36,99],"low":[38],"dimensional":[39],"shape":[40,47,78],"space":[41],"vector":[42],"(SSV)":[43],"statistical":[46,77],"model":[48,70,74,79,91],"(SSM),":[49],"which":[50],"is":[51,80,92],"calculated":[52],"through":[53],"model-based":[55,60],"surface":[56,61],"registration":[57,62],"process.":[58],"consists":[64],"two":[66],"major":[67],"processing":[68],"stages,":[69],"building":[71],"and":[72],"hierarchical":[73],"fitting.":[75],"A":[76],"first":[81],"built":[82],"using":[83],"set":[85],"training":[87],"faces.":[88,127],"Then":[89],"deformed":[93],"to":[94],"match":[95],"new":[97],"modified":[101],"iterative":[102],"closest":[103],"point":[104],"(ICP)":[105],"scheme.":[106],"The":[107],"experimental":[108],"results":[109],"on":[110],"real":[111],"data":[114],"show":[115],"that":[116],"reasonably":[121],"interpret":[122],"articulation":[124]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}