{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2108258308","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icip.2005.1530502","title":"Expression-invariant face recognition via spherical embedding","display_name":"Expression-invariant face recognition via spherical embedding","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2108258308","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icip.2005.1530502","mag":"2108258308"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icip.2005.1530502","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icip.2005.1530502","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE International Conference on Image Processing 2005","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025410418","display_name":"Alex Bronstein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9699-8730"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174306211","display_name":"Technion \u2013 Israel Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03qryx823","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174306211"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"A.M. Bronstein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel","Dept. of Computer Science, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174306211"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Computer Science, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174306211"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013638126","display_name":"Michael M. Bronstein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1262-7252"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174306211","display_name":"Technion \u2013 Israel Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03qryx823","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174306211"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M.M. Bronstein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel","Dept. of Computer Science, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174306211"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Computer Science, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174306211"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091366774","display_name":"Ron Kimmel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3180-7961"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174306211","display_name":"Technion \u2013 Israel Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03qryx823","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174306211"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Kimmel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel","Dept. of Computer Science, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174306211"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Computer Science, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174306211"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5025410418"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174306211"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.8187,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94052596,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"III","last_page":"756"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12417","display_name":"Morphological variations and asymmetry","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2608","display_name":"Geometry and Topology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.6392261981964111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/invariant","display_name":"Invariant (physics)","score":0.6111351847648621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/isometry","display_name":"Isometry (Riemannian geometry)","score":0.5480721592903137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.5203392505645752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesic","display_name":"Geodesic","score":0.5181111693382263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.43446481227874756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/euclidean-geometry","display_name":"Euclidean geometry","score":0.431761771440506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/euclidean-space","display_name":"Euclidean space","score":0.41007229685783386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pure-mathematics","display_name":"Pure mathematics","score":0.4064924120903015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.38021767139434814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3289661407470703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.2591988742351532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.1924481987953186}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.6392261981964111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190470478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2370229","display_name":"Invariant (physics)","level":2,"score":0.6111351847648621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82457910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740207","display_name":"Isometry (Riemannian geometry)","level":2,"score":0.5480721592903137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.5203392505645752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165818556","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213488","display_name":"Geodesic","level":2,"score":0.5181111693382263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.43446481227874756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129782007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162886","display_name":"Euclidean geometry","level":2,"score":0.431761771440506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186450821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17295","display_name":"Euclidean space","level":2,"score":0.41007229685783386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.4064924120903015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.38021767139434814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3289661407470703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.2591988742351532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.1924481987953186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37914503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156495","display_name":"Mathematical physics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icip.2005.1530502","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icip.2005.1530502","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE International Conference on Image Processing 2005","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1561952261","https://openalex.org/W1709036216","https://openalex.org/W1984697939","https://openalex.org/W1999690352","https://openalex.org/W2045145094","https://openalex.org/W2134921160","https://openalex.org/W2150572700","https://openalex.org/W2159361280","https://openalex.org/W2166164984","https://openalex.org/W3099839986","https://openalex.org/W4205380271","https://openalex.org/W6633448084","https://openalex.org/W6637478321","https://openalex.org/W6684529845"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3190589784","https://openalex.org/W4388844345","https://openalex.org/W4238233526","https://openalex.org/W4400611414","https://openalex.org/W2610298398","https://openalex.org/W4281992692","https://openalex.org/W2145396827","https://openalex.org/W2279239548","https://openalex.org/W4294294347","https://openalex.org/W63976795"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recently,":[0],"it":[1],"was":[2,44,70],"proven":[3],"empirically":[4],"that":[5,13,129],"facial":[6,19,29,59,101],"expressions":[7,30],"can":[8],"be":[9,24],"modelled":[10],"as":[11,109],"isometries,":[12],"is,":[14],"geodesic":[15],"distances":[16],"on":[17,36,54,157],"the":[18,39,58,63,67,73,87,100,144,152,158],"surface":[20],"were":[21],"shown":[22],"to":[23,28,32,85,94,105,114,121,136,141],"significantly":[25],"less":[26],"sensitive":[27],"compared":[31],"Euclidean":[33,79,116],"ones.":[34],"Based":[35],"this":[37],"assumption,":[38],"3DFACE":[40],"face":[41,74],"recognition":[42,68],"system":[43,47,69],"built.":[45],"The":[46],"efficiently":[48,142],"computes":[49],"expression":[50],"invariant":[51,97],"signatures":[52],"based":[53,156],"isometry-invariant":[55],"representation":[56],"of":[57,62,72,99],"surface.":[60],"One":[61],"crucial":[64],"steps":[65],"in":[66],"embedding":[71,89,119,133],"geometric":[75],"structure":[76],"into":[77],"a":[78,91,148],"(flat)":[80],"space.":[81],"Here,":[82],"we":[83,146],"propose":[84],"replace":[86],"flat":[88],"by":[90],"spherical":[92,110,118,153,159],"one":[93],"construct":[95],"isometric":[96],"representations":[98,130],"image.":[102],"We":[103,126],"refer":[104],"these":[106],"new":[107],"invariants":[108,145],"canonical":[111,154],"images.":[112],"Compared":[113],"its":[115],"counterpart,":[117],"leads":[120],"notably":[122],"smaller":[123],"metric":[124],"distortion.":[125],"demonstrate":[127],"experimentally":[128],"with":[131],"lower":[132],"error":[134],"lead":[135],"better":[137],"recognition.":[138],"In":[139],"order":[140],"compute":[143],"introduce":[147],"dissimilarity":[149],"measure":[150],"between":[151],"images":[155],"harmonic":[160],"transform.":[161]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}