{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2153281406","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icip.2004.1418823","title":"Efficient face orientation discrimination","display_name":"Efficient face orientation discrimination","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-04-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2153281406","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icip.2004.1418823","mag":"2153281406"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icip.2004.1418823","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icip.2004.1418823","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2004 International Conference on Image Processing, 2004. ICIP '04.","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085643229","display_name":"Shumeet Baluja","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8696-8711"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Baluja","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Inc., USA","Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Inc., USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054695014","display_name":"Mehran Sahami","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9549-6974"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Sahami","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Inc., USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Inc., USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048198161","display_name":"Henry A. Rowley","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H.A. Rowley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Inc., USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Inc., USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.9909,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":48,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92290934,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":null,"first_page":"589","last_page":"592"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9559999704360962,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9203000068664551,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7907586097717285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boosting","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","score":0.771037220954895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7420750260353088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.6797394752502441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.625775158405304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orientation","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","score":0.5948707461357117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.5796130299568176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.5325829982757568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.512285590171814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.43139445781707764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.16556131839752197}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7907586097717285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46686674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466303","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.771037220954895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7420750260353088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.6797394752502441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.625775158405304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16345878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107472979","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","level":2,"score":0.5948707461357117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.5796130299568176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.5325829982757568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.512285590171814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.43139445781707764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.16556131839752197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icip.2004.1418823","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icip.2004.1418823","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2004 International Conference on Image Processing, 2004. ICIP '04.","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.141.7189","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.141.7189","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.esprockets.com/papers/ICIP-2004.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.7400000095367432}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1553313034","https://openalex.org/W1576520375","https://openalex.org/W1604938182","https://openalex.org/W1975846642","https://openalex.org/W1976611840","https://openalex.org/W1997011019","https://openalex.org/W2099111195","https://openalex.org/W2159686933","https://openalex.org/W2217896605","https://openalex.org/W2318405211","https://openalex.org/W2739698496","https://openalex.org/W3042658839","https://openalex.org/W3097096317","https://openalex.org/W3205954504","https://openalex.org/W3214102110","https://openalex.org/W6634442568","https://openalex.org/W6741565869","https://openalex.org/W6804270185"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2125652721","https://openalex.org/W1540371141","https://openalex.org/W4231274751","https://openalex.org/W2154063878","https://openalex.org/W2556012038","https://openalex.org/W2333896121","https://openalex.org/W2583763619","https://openalex.org/W2145073242","https://openalex.org/W2098693229","https://openalex.org/W2384651879"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"efficient":[3,19],"methods":[4,20,75],"to":[5,24,62,73],"address":[6],"the":[7,17],"problem":[8],"of":[9,68],"discriminating":[10],"between":[11,30],"live":[12],"facial":[13,32],"orientations.":[14],"We":[15,53],"present":[16],"most":[18],"for":[21],"this":[22],"task":[23],"date,":[25],"which":[26],"can":[27],"accurately":[28],"discriminate":[29],"five":[31],"orientations":[33],"with":[34],"approximately":[35],"92%":[36],"accuracy":[37,48],"using":[38,49,58],"fewer":[39],"than":[40,46],"30":[41],"pixel":[42,51],"comparisons":[43],"and":[44],"greater":[45],"99%":[47],"150":[50],"comparisons.":[52],"achieve":[54],"these":[55],"rates":[56],"by":[57],"a":[59,65],"boosting":[60],"method":[61],"select":[63],"from":[64],"large":[66],"set":[67],"extremely":[69],"simple":[70],"features.":[71],"Comparisons":[72],"other":[74],"are":[76],"given.":[77]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}