{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2117362196","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icip.2002.1038176","title":"Learning a decision boundary for face detection","display_name":"Learning a decision boundary for face detection","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-06-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2117362196","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icip.2002.1038176","mag":"2117362196"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icip.2002.1038176","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icip.2002.1038176","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223844","display_name":"Proceedings - International Conference on Image Processing","issn_l":"1522-4880","issn":["1522-4880","2381-8549"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings. International Conference on Image Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100653784","display_name":"Tae\u2010Kyun Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7587-6053"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250650973","display_name":"Samsung (South Korea)","ror":"https://ror.org/04w3jy968","country_code":"KR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tae-Kyun Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Human Computer Interaction Laboratory, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Yongin si, South Korea","Human Comput. Interaction Lab., Yongin, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Human Computer Interaction Laboratory, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Yongin si, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Human Comput. Interaction Lab., Yongin, South Korea","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073698654","display_name":"Donggeon Kong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250650973","display_name":"Samsung (South Korea)","ror":"https://ror.org/04w3jy968","country_code":"KR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Donggeon Kong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Human Computer Interaction Laboratory, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Yongin si, South Korea","Human Comput. Interaction Lab., Yongin, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Human Computer Interaction Laboratory, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Yongin si, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Human Comput. Interaction Lab., Yongin, South Korea","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033297615","display_name":"Sang-Ryoung Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6702-1613"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250650973","display_name":"Samsung (South Korea)","ror":"https://ror.org/04w3jy968","country_code":"KR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sang-Ryong Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Human Computer Interaction Laboratory, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Yongin si, South Korea","Human Comput. Interaction Lab., Yongin, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Human Computer Interaction Laboratory, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Yongin si, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Human Comput. Interaction Lab., Yongin, South Korea","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100653784"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2964,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.58773087,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":null,"first_page":"I","last_page":"920"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11447","display_name":"Blind Source Separation Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11447","display_name":"Blind Source Separation Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.9868999719619751,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-boundary","display_name":"Decision boundary","score":0.7686346769332886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.7374067902565002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7236084342002869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6728414297103882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6550238132476807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boundary","display_name":"Boundary (topology)","score":0.5450801849365234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-subspace","display_name":"Linear subspace","score":0.5189875960350037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.49828553199768066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contextual-image-classification","display_name":"Contextual image classification","score":0.48132073879241943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.4738484025001526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.46756061911582947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-detection","display_name":"Face detection","score":0.4205205738544464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.29461219906806946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.22710001468658447}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42023084","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5249231","display_name":"Decision boundary","level":3,"score":0.7686346769332886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.7374067902565002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7236084342002869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6728414297103882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6550238132476807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62354387","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875399","display_name":"Boundary (topology)","level":2,"score":0.5450801849365234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12362212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q728435","display_name":"Linear subspace","level":2,"score":0.5189875960350037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.49828553199768066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.48132073879241943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.4738484025001526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.46756061911582947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4641261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11681085","display_name":"Face detection","level":4,"score":0.4205205738544464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.29461219906806946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.22710001468658447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icip.2002.1038176","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icip.2002.1038176","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223844","display_name":"Proceedings - International Conference on Image Processing","issn_l":"1522-4880","issn":["1522-4880","2381-8549"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings. International Conference on Image Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.105.5700","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.105.5700","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://mi.eng.cam.ac.uk/~tkk22/doc/icip02_1_pub.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:generic.eprints.org:365052","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://publications.eng.cam.ac.uk/365052/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922847","display_name":"Cambridge University Engineering Department Publications Database","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference or Workshop Item"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.7699999809265137,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1552250555","https://openalex.org/W1938134229","https://openalex.org/W2035782554","https://openalex.org/W2105909330","https://openalex.org/W2124351082","https://openalex.org/W2137346077","https://openalex.org/W2156909104","https://openalex.org/W2159686933","https://openalex.org/W2165688580","https://openalex.org/W2217896605","https://openalex.org/W2798806308"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2336272890","https://openalex.org/W4308999381","https://openalex.org/W3183843611","https://openalex.org/W4312238398","https://openalex.org/W3211418293","https://openalex.org/W4308999963","https://openalex.org/W4285815683","https://openalex.org/W1505272346","https://openalex.org/W325114128","https://openalex.org/W3209982355"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Describes":[0],"a":[1,11,37,45,70,85],"pattern":[2],"classification":[3,15,38,87],"approach":[4],"for":[5,105],"detecting":[6],"frontal-view":[7],"faces":[8],"via":[9],"learning":[10,35],"decision":[12,92],"boundary.":[13],"The":[14,42,65],"can":[16],"be":[17],"achieved":[18],"either":[19],"by":[20,33],"explicit":[21],"estimation":[22,94],"of":[23,26,36,52,62,69,73,115,120,125,136,160],"density":[24],"functions":[25],"two":[27],"classes,":[28],"face":[29,75,116],"and":[30,76,84,112,162,167],"non-face":[31],"or":[32],"direct":[34],"function":[39],"(decision":[40],"boundary).":[41],"latter":[43],"is":[44,56,154],"more":[46],"effective":[47],"approach,":[48],"when":[49],"the":[50,60,91,109,129,141,151,157],"number":[51,135],"training":[53],"available":[54],"examples":[55],"small,":[57],"compared":[58,139],"to":[59,140,156],"dimensionality":[61],"image":[63],"space.":[64,117,147],"proposed":[66,152],"method":[67],"consists":[68],"implicit":[71],"modeling":[72],"both":[74,164],"near-face":[77],"classes":[78],"using":[79,95],"Independent":[80],"Component":[81],"Analysis":[82],"(ICA),":[83],"subsequent":[86],"stage":[88],"based":[89],"on":[90,144],"boundary":[93],"Support":[96],"Vector":[97],"Machine":[98],"(SVM).":[99],"Multiple":[100],"nonlinear":[101],"SVMs":[102,121],"are":[103],"trained":[104,131,143],"local":[106],"subspaces,":[107],"considering":[108],"general":[110],"non-Gaussian":[111],"multi-modal":[113],"characteristic":[114],"This":[118],"parallelization":[119],"reduces":[122],"computational":[123,168],"cost":[124],"on-line":[126],"classification,":[127],"since":[128],"locally":[130],"SVM":[132,142],"has":[133],"small":[134],"support":[137],"vectors":[138],"entire":[145],"data":[146],"We":[148],"showed":[149],"that":[150],"algorithm":[153],"superior":[155],"simple":[158],"combination":[159],"ICA":[161],"SVM,":[163],"in":[165],"accuracy":[166],"burden.":[169]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
