{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2100716391","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icip.2002.1038010","title":"A kernel machine based approach for multi-view face recognition","display_name":"A kernel machine based approach for multi-view face recognition","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-06-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2100716391","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icip.2002.1038010","mag":"2100716391"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icip.2002.1038010","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icip.2002.1038010","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223844","display_name":"Proceedings - International Conference on Image Processing","issn_l":"1522-4880","issn":["1522-4880","2381-8549"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings. International Conference on Image Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102448190","display_name":"Juwei Lu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juwei Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Multimedia Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONT, Canada","Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Toronto Univ., Ont., Canada#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Multimedia Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONT, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Toronto Univ., Ont., Canada#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059152392","display_name":"Konstantinos N. Plataniotis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3647-5473"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K.N. Plataniotis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Multimedia Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONT, Canada","Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Toronto Univ., Ont., Canada#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Multimedia Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONT, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Toronto Univ., Ont., Canada#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109874826","display_name":"A.N. Venetsanopoulos","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A.N. Venetsanopoulos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Multimedia Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONT, Canada","Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Toronto Univ., Ont., Canada#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Multimedia Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONT, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Toronto Univ., Ont., Canada#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5391,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68541383,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":null,"first_page":"I","last_page":"265"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9731000065803528,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9642000198364258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel-fisher-discriminant-analysis","display_name":"Kernel Fisher discriminant analysis","score":0.7806367874145508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-discriminant-analysis","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","score":0.7801095247268677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.7429990172386169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel-principal-component-analysis","display_name":"Kernel principal component analysis","score":0.7405421137809753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.7363982200622559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7318792343139648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.6832349300384521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.667283833026886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.5911173820495605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel-method","display_name":"Kernel method","score":0.5477012395858765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principal-component-analysis","display_name":"Principal component analysis","score":0.5460699200630188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminant","display_name":"Discriminant","score":0.5046254396438599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4841333329677582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.43289223313331604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-system","display_name":"Nonlinear system","score":0.4296562671661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.41734546422958374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.30157917737960815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.28975701332092285}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181367576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6394184","display_name":"Kernel Fisher discriminant analysis","level":4,"score":0.7806367874145508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69738355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1228929","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","level":2,"score":0.7801095247268677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.7429990172386169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182335926","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17093020","display_name":"Kernel principal component analysis","level":4,"score":0.7405421137809753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.7363982200622559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7318792343139648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.6832349300384521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.667283833026886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.5911173820495605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122280245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620622","display_name":"Kernel method","level":3,"score":0.5477012395858765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27438332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2873","display_name":"Principal component analysis","level":2,"score":0.5460699200630188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78397625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192487","display_name":"Discriminant","level":2,"score":0.5046254396438599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4841333329677582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.43289223313331604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.4296562671661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.41734546422958374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.30157917737960815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.28975701332092285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icip.2002.1038010","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icip.2002.1038010","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223844","display_name":"Proceedings - International Conference on Image Processing","issn_l":"1522-4880","issn":["1522-4880","2381-8549"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings. International Conference on Image Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.87.2325","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.87.2325","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.dsp.utoronto.ca/juwei/Publication/ICIP02_KDDA.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.7300000190734863}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1604938182","https://openalex.org/W1985809919","https://openalex.org/W2002645541","https://openalex.org/W2041657594","https://openalex.org/W2088900896","https://openalex.org/W2107548518","https://openalex.org/W2115689562","https://openalex.org/W2121647436","https://openalex.org/W2138451337","https://openalex.org/W2140095548","https://openalex.org/W2156909104"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2141981133","https://openalex.org/W1978302214","https://openalex.org/W1963649114","https://openalex.org/W3147024994","https://openalex.org/W2321869780","https://openalex.org/W2162393942","https://openalex.org/W2025089370","https://openalex.org/W1984472287","https://openalex.org/W2371177901","https://openalex.org/W2589829774"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Techniques":[0],"that":[1,23,49,136],"can":[2],"introduce":[3],"low-dimensional":[4],"feature":[5],"representation":[6],"with":[7,89],"enhanced":[8],"discriminatory":[9],"power":[10],"is":[11,20,39,45],"of":[12,26,92,124],"paramount":[13],"importance":[14],"in":[15,33,111,122],"face":[16,27,75,94,113],"recognition":[17,76,114],"applications.":[18],"It":[19,44],"well":[21],"known":[22],"the":[24,90,93,103,129,137,147,151],"distribution":[25],"images,":[28],"under":[29],"a":[30,80],"perceivable":[31],"variation":[32],"viewpoint,":[34],"illumination":[35],"or":[36,61],"facial":[37],"expression,":[38],"highly":[40],"nonlinear":[41],"and":[42,69,150],"complex.":[43],"therefore,":[46],"not":[47],"surprising":[48],"linear":[50,62],"techniques,":[51],"such":[52,145],"as":[53,146],"those":[54,73],"based":[55,83],"on":[56,128],"principle":[57],"component":[58],"analysis":[59,64,85,154],"(PCA)":[60],"discriminant":[63,84,153],"(LDA)":[65],"cannot":[66],"provide":[67],"reliable":[68],"robust":[70],"solutions":[71],"to":[72],"complex":[74],"problems.":[77],"We":[78],"propose":[79],"kernel":[81],"machine":[82],"method,":[86],"which":[87,109],"deals":[88],"nonlinearity":[91],"patterns'":[95],"distribution.":[96],"The":[97,116],"proposed":[98,138],"method":[99],"also":[100],"effectively":[101],"solves":[102],"\"small":[104],"sample":[105],"size\"":[106],"(SSS)":[107],"problem":[108],"exists":[110],"most":[112],"tasks.":[115],"new":[117],"algorithm":[118],"has":[119],"been":[120],"tested,":[121],"terms":[123],"error":[125],"rate":[126],"performance,":[127],"multi-view":[130],"UMIST":[131],"Face":[132],"Database.":[133],"Results":[134],"indicate":[135],"methodology":[139],"outperform":[140],"other":[141],"commonly":[142],"used":[143],"approaches,":[144],"kernel-PCA":[148],"(KPCA)":[149],"generalized":[152],"(GDA).":[155]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}