{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411996195","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icict64582.2025.00013","title":"Single Bit Randomness Leakage: The Vulnerability in Post-Quantum Cryptography Standard CRYSTALS-Dilithium","display_name":"Single Bit Randomness Leakage: The Vulnerability in Post-Quantum Cryptography Standard CRYSTALS-Dilithium","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411996195","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icict64582.2025.00013"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icict64582.2025.00013","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icict64582.2025.00013","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 8th International Conference on Information and Computer Technologies (ICICT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102804304","display_name":"Bingli Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bingli Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102919442","display_name":"Jingqi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3608-4797"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingqi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100419967","display_name":"An Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9873-1308"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"An Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.11890729,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"43","last_page":"48"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.946399986743927,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.946399986743927,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dilithium","display_name":"Dilithium","score":0.6851157546043396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/randomness","display_name":"Randomness","score":0.6385253667831421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.5844370126724243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.5199743509292603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-cryptography","display_name":"Quantum cryptography","score":0.5098087191581726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5054147243499756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leakage","display_name":"Leakage (economics)","score":0.4917459785938263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bit","display_name":"Bit (key)","score":0.4550500810146332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4014994204044342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.34157776832580566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.33680039644241333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.23472410440444946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.18698650598526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.17041045427322388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-information","display_name":"Quantum information","score":0.09111300110816956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.08983752131462097}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775951159","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1189242","display_name":"Dilithium","level":4,"score":0.6851157546043396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125112378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176640","display_name":"Randomness","level":2,"score":0.6385253667831421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.5844370126724243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5199743509292603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144901912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471906","display_name":"Quantum cryptography","level":4,"score":0.5098087191581726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5054147243499756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777042071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6509304","display_name":"Leakage (economics)","level":2,"score":0.4917459785938263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117011727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1278488","display_name":"Bit (key)","level":2,"score":0.4550500810146332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4014994204044342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.34157776832580566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.33680039644241333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.23472410440444946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.18698650598526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.17041045427322388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169699857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122243","display_name":"Quantum information","level":3,"score":0.09111300110816956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.08983752131462097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145148216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36496","display_name":"Ion","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118629725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2686738","display_name":"Deprotonation","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icict64582.2025.00013","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icict64582.2025.00013","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 8th International Conference on Information and Computer Technologies (ICICT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2701771370","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62272047","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W49132692","https://openalex.org/W2154909745","https://openalex.org/W2168676717","https://openalex.org/W2224364690","https://openalex.org/W2298330307","https://openalex.org/W2791664942","https://openalex.org/W3012153794","https://openalex.org/W3095245686","https://openalex.org/W3115739041","https://openalex.org/W3157250574","https://openalex.org/W3216842157","https://openalex.org/W4200446781","https://openalex.org/W4232836212","https://openalex.org/W4235846187","https://openalex.org/W4296842505","https://openalex.org/W4311167566","https://openalex.org/W4392753829","https://openalex.org/W4400836759","https://openalex.org/W4402807571","https://openalex.org/W4402808067"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3158626348","https://openalex.org/W2950221173","https://openalex.org/W1988497436","https://openalex.org/W2136354148","https://openalex.org/W4240909249","https://openalex.org/W2062077317","https://openalex.org/W1984667502","https://openalex.org/W1984997072","https://openalex.org/W1975610140","https://openalex.org/W2023615683"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"advancements":[1],"in":[2,71,81],"quantum":[3],"computing":[4],"continue,":[5],"post-quantum":[6,46],"cryptography":[7],"has":[8,38],"become":[9],"essential":[10],"for":[11],"ensuring":[12],"the":[13,24,32,72,84,88,96,102,121,124,130,136,151],"security":[14],"of":[15,23,35,67,83,101,123,154,173],"sensitive":[16],"information,":[17],"and":[18,108,129],"side-channel":[19,33],"resistance":[20,34],"is":[21],"one":[22],"significant":[25],"concerns.":[26],"In":[27],"this":[28,76],"paper,":[29],"we":[30,94],"investigate":[31],"CRYSTALS-Dilithium,":[36],"which":[37],"been":[39],"selected":[40],"by":[41,106,160],"NIST":[42,107],"as":[43],"a":[44,51,64,112],"standard":[45],"signature":[47],"scheme.":[48],"We":[49],"propose":[50],"novel":[52],"single-bit":[53,155],"leakage":[54],"attack":[55,138,170],"that":[56],"leverages":[57],"signatures":[58],"transmitted":[59],"during":[60,120],"communication":[61],"to":[62,134,164],"recover":[63],"target":[65],"bit":[66,78],"large":[68],"randomness":[69],"used":[70],"CRYSTALS-Dilithium":[73,103,125],"algorithm.":[74,89],"Notably,":[75],"recovered":[77],"directly":[79],"aids":[80],"reconstructing":[82],"private":[85],"key":[86],"within":[87],"To":[90],"validate":[91],"our":[92,148],"methodology,":[93],"adopt":[95],"officially":[97],"released":[98],"source":[99],"code":[100],"algorithm":[104,126],"provided":[105],"deploy":[109],"it":[110],"on":[111],"Cortex":[113],"M4":[114],"architecture.":[115],"The":[116],"power":[117],"consumption":[118],"leakages":[119,131],"execution":[122],"are":[127,132],"recorded,":[128],"leveraged":[133],"execute":[135],"proposed":[137,149],"alongside":[139],"state-of-the-art":[140,166],"attacks.":[141],"Experimental":[142],"results":[143],"demonstrate":[144],"that,":[145],"when":[146],"applying":[147],"method,":[150],"success":[152],"rate":[153],"recovery":[156],"can":[157],"be":[158],"improved":[159],"approximately":[161,174],"20\\%":[162],"compared":[163],"existing":[165],"attacks,":[167],"with":[168],"an":[169],"efficiency":[171],"gain":[172],"three":[175],"times.":[176]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}