{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2356455614","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icics.2015.7459836","title":"Shrinkage estimator based regularization for EEG motor imagery classification","display_name":"Shrinkage estimator based regularization for EEG motor imagery classification","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2356455614","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icics.2015.7459836","mag":"2356455614"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icics.2015.7459836","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icics.2015.7459836","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 10th International Conference on Information, Communications and Signal Processing (ICICS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039088311","display_name":"H. Vikram Shenoy","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"H. Vikram Shenoy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanyang Institute of Technology in Health and Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanyang Institute of Technology in Health and Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042105714","display_name":"A. P. Vinod","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9408-1275"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. P. Vinod","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Engineering, Nanyng Technological University, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Engineering, Nanyng Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031778999","display_name":"Cuntai Guan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0872-3276"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115228651","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cuntai Guan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5039088311"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.30504888,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88511201,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11447","display_name":"Blind Source Separation Techniques","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9868999719619751,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motor-imagery","display_name":"Motor imagery","score":0.8430765271186829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain\u2013computer-interface","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","score":0.7982941269874573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7525048851966858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6304914355278015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outlier","display_name":"Outlier","score":0.602510929107666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5953078269958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5610447525978088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.5349786281585693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimator","display_name":"Estimator","score":0.5200166702270508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.5185478329658508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.4929494857788086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regularization","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","score":0.4619899392127991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.33440327644348145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12972185015678406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.08976328372955322}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54808283","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6918191","display_name":"Motor imagery","level":4,"score":0.8430765271186829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173201364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q897410","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","level":3,"score":0.7982941269874573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7525048851966858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6304914355278015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79337645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q779824","display_name":"Outlier","level":2,"score":0.602510929107666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5953078269958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5610447525978088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.5349786281585693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.5200166702270508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.5185478329658508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.4929494857788086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776135515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17143721","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4619899392127991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.33440327644348145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12972185015678406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.08976328372955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icics.2015.7459836","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icics.2015.7459836","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 10th International Conference on Information, Communications and Signal Processing (ICICS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.hkust.edu.hk:1783.1-106550","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-84973667635&origin=inward","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference paper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.ust.hk:1783.1-106550","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://repository.ust.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-106550","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference paper"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7200000286102295}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1969878365","https://openalex.org/W1970070014","https://openalex.org/W1974637957","https://openalex.org/W2060460256","https://openalex.org/W2062125287","https://openalex.org/W2085070573","https://openalex.org/W2091149543","https://openalex.org/W2109860557","https://openalex.org/W2132360759","https://openalex.org/W2138102363","https://openalex.org/W2142280324","https://openalex.org/W2151669316","https://openalex.org/W2152119085","https://openalex.org/W2152171700","https://openalex.org/W2153635508","https://openalex.org/W2154053567","https://openalex.org/W2155617375","https://openalex.org/W2162800060","https://openalex.org/W2168500935","https://openalex.org/W2170124654","https://openalex.org/W2242600655","https://openalex.org/W6666279874","https://openalex.org/W6676561025","https://openalex.org/W6679555981"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1977940006","https://openalex.org/W2887556756","https://openalex.org/W2947925238","https://openalex.org/W195417223","https://openalex.org/W1984377984","https://openalex.org/W1961545574","https://openalex.org/W3045772920","https://openalex.org/W2510077457","https://openalex.org/W2047816336","https://openalex.org/W2944296668"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Electroencephalography":[0],"(EEG)":[1],"based":[2,31,40,83,128],"motor":[3,33,180],"imagery":[4,34],"Brain-Computer":[5],"Interface":[6],"(MI-BCI)":[7],"paradigm":[8],"is":[9,47,55,64,87,110,115,145],"used":[10],"to":[11,57,67,91,136],"communicate":[12],"with":[13],"external":[14],"device":[15],"by":[16],"people":[17],"who":[18],"lost":[19],"peripheral":[20],"nerve":[21],"control,":[22],"or":[23],"perform":[24],"neuro-rehabilitation":[25],"for":[26,107],"stroke":[27],"patients.":[28],"BCI":[29,157],"systems":[30],"on":[32,41,84,147],"often":[35,65],"employ":[36],"feature":[37],"extraction":[38],"algorithms":[39],"Common":[42,138],"Spatial":[43,139],"Patterns":[44],"(CSP).":[45],"CSP":[46,74,170],"capable":[48],"of":[49,73,124],"discriminating":[50],"two":[51,148],"classes,":[52],"but":[53,118],"it":[54],"sensitive":[56],"outliers":[58],"and":[59,71,96,156],"noisy":[60],"trials.":[61],"Therefore,":[62],"regularisation":[63,81,135],"deployed":[66],"improve":[68],"the":[69,121,133],"robustness":[70],"accuracy":[72],"estimation.":[75],"In":[76,101],"this":[77,102],"paper,":[78],"a":[79],"novel":[80],"approach":[82,123],"shrinkage":[85,108],"estimation":[86,109],"presented":[88],"in":[89,174],"order":[90],"handle":[92],"small":[93],"sample":[94],"problem":[95],"retain":[97],"subject-specific":[98],"discriminative":[99],"features.":[100],"method,":[103],"an":[104],"analytical":[105],"solution":[106],"provided,":[111],"which":[112],"not":[113],"only":[114],"computationally":[116],"tractable,":[117],"also":[119],"overcomes":[120],"heuristic":[122],"traditional":[125],"cross":[126],"validation":[127],"parameter":[129],"tuning.":[130],"We":[131],"applied":[132],"proposed":[134,143],"Filter-Bank":[137],"Pattern":[140],"(FBCSP).":[141],"The":[142,162],"method":[144],"evaluated":[146],"publicly":[149],"available":[150],"datasets,":[151],"namely":[152],"Wadsworth":[153],"Physiobank":[154],"Dataset":[155,160],"Competition":[158],"IV":[159],"2a.":[161],"results":[163],"show":[164],"that":[165],"Shrinkage":[166],"Regularized":[167],"Filter":[168],"Bank":[169],"(SR-FBCSP)":[171],"outperforms":[172],"FBCSP":[173],"classifying":[175],"left":[176],"vs":[177],"right":[178],"hand":[179],"imagery.":[181],"\u00a9":[182],"2015":[183],"IEEE.":[184]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-02-09T09:26:11.010843","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}