{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3138417050","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ichi48887.2020.9374313","title":"A Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Treatment","display_name":"A Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Treatment","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3138417050","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ichi48887.2020.9374313","mag":"3138417050"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ichi48887.2020.9374313","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ichi48887.2020.9374313","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE International Conference on Healthcare Informatics (ICHI)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100355517","display_name":"Zhuo Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9343-2969"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4401726822","display_name":"Ping An (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/004yv2z91","country_code":null,"type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4401726822"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhuo Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ping An Healthcare Technology, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ping An Healthcare Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4401726822"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036949656","display_name":"Linong Ji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1305-1598"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124809","display_name":"Peking University People's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/035adwg89","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124809"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linong Ji","raw_affiliation_strings":["Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124809","https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042574311","display_name":"Xuehan Jiang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4401726822","display_name":"Ping An (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/004yv2z91","country_code":null,"type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4401726822"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuehan Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ping An Healthcare Technology, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ping An Healthcare Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4401726822"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053179595","display_name":"Wei Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9998-1544"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4401726822","display_name":"Ping An (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/004yv2z91","country_code":null,"type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4401726822"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ping An Healthcare Technology, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ping An Healthcare Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4401726822"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059847675","display_name":"Xiyang Liao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4401726822","display_name":"Ping An (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/004yv2z91","country_code":null,"type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4401726822"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiyang Liao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ping An Healthcare Technology, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ping An Healthcare Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4401726822"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101723789","display_name":"Tingting Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2069-5538"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4401726822","display_name":"Ping An (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/004yv2z91","country_code":null,"type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4401726822"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tingting Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ping An Healthcare Technology, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ping An Healthcare Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4401726822"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100390229","display_name":"Siqi Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0605-2958"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210150261","display_name":"National University Health System","ror":"https://ror.org/05tjjsh18","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210150261"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siqi Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150261","https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050408786","display_name":"Xingzhi Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6519-0197"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4401726822","display_name":"Ping An (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/004yv2z91","country_code":null,"type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4401726822"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xingzhi Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ping An He Healthcare alth Technology, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ping An He Healthcare alth Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4401726822"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102021870","display_name":"Gang Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3085-1135"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4401726822","display_name":"Ping An (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/004yv2z91","country_code":null,"type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4401726822"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gang Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ping An He Healthcare alth Technology, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ping An He Healthcare alth Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4401726822"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022222926","display_name":"Mengling Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5338-6248"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210150261","display_name":"National University Health System","ror":"https://ror.org/05tjjsh18","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210150261"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mengling Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150261","https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023775139","display_name":"Guotong Xie","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4401726822","display_name":"Ping An (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/004yv2z91","country_code":null,"type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4401726822"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guotong Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ping An Healthcare Technology, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ping An Healthcare Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4401726822"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":11,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100355517"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4401726822"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.561,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84874464,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"9"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10560","display_name":"Diabetes Management and Research","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10560","display_name":"Diabetes Management and Research","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10401","display_name":"Diabetes Treatment and Management","score":0.9868999719619751,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.9606999754905701,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.9001079201698303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type-2-diabetes-mellitus","display_name":"Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","score":0.6026315093040466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/term","display_name":"Term (time)","score":0.6017345786094666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5618025064468384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5411254167556763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement","display_name":"Reinforcement","score":0.41879022121429443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.41579994559288025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetes-mellitus","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","score":0.4104636311531067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.32383453845977783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.09370735287666321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/endocrinology","display_name":"Endocrinology","score":0.0935550332069397}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.9001079201698303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910068830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3025883","display_name":"Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","level":3,"score":0.6026315093040466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.6017345786094666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5618025064468384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5411254167556763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67203356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321905","display_name":"Reinforcement","level":2,"score":0.41879022121429443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.41579994559288025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.4104636311531067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.32383453845977783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.09370735287666321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.0935550332069397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ichi48887.2020.9374313","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ichi48887.2020.9374313","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE International Conference on Healthcare Informatics (ICHI)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7699999809265137,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W150080817","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1547859334","https://openalex.org/W1587591207","https://openalex.org/W1977655452","https://openalex.org/W2033453118","https://openalex.org/W2063417091","https://openalex.org/W2117684832","https://openalex.org/W2155968351","https://openalex.org/W2156682402","https://openalex.org/W2162708888","https://openalex.org/W2201581102","https://openalex.org/W2226243673","https://openalex.org/W2314989814","https://openalex.org/W2318233141","https://openalex.org/W2404399993","https://openalex.org/W2418082092","https://openalex.org/W2424760598","https://openalex.org/W2472069995","https://openalex.org/W2531051281","https://openalex.org/W2560629614","https://openalex.org/W2583993537","https://openalex.org/W2599189192","https://openalex.org/W2746553466","https://openalex.org/W2763355946","https://openalex.org/W2768978543","https://openalex.org/W2796695069","https://openalex.org/W2887097940","https://openalex.org/W2887929199","https://openalex.org/W2896893468","https://openalex.org/W2901600159","https://openalex.org/W2911236815","https://openalex.org/W2962676505","https://openalex.org/W2963477884","https://openalex.org/W2964121744","https://openalex.org/W2988737410","https://openalex.org/W3100944043","https://openalex.org/W3102563707","https://openalex.org/W4256525495","https://openalex.org/W4301178047","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6687681856","https://openalex.org/W6737133519","https://openalex.org/W6746030470","https://openalex.org/W6750087242","https://openalex.org/W6753809275","https://openalex.org/W6754058742","https://openalex.org/W6756977767"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2920061524","https://openalex.org/W4310083477","https://openalex.org/W1977959518","https://openalex.org/W2038908348","https://openalex.org/W2107890255","https://openalex.org/W2106552856","https://openalex.org/W1987513656","https://openalex.org/W2072376847","https://openalex.org/W2089013912","https://openalex.org/W2145821588"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Type":[0],"2":[1],"diabetes":[2],"mellitus":[3],"(T2DM)":[4],"is":[5,106],"a":[6,31,76,93],"chronic":[7],"disease":[8],"that":[9,54,81,125,144,151],"requires":[10],"continuous":[11],"treatments.":[12],"T2DM":[13,77,90],"treatments":[14,53],"aim":[15],"to":[16,30,44,108,140],"achieve":[17],"not":[18],"only":[19],"short-term":[20],"but,":[21],"more":[22],"importantly,":[23],"long-term":[24,58,132,154],"control":[25],"of":[26,52,83,87,112,119],"the":[27,49,56,67,84,110,117,131,145,153],"patient's":[28,57],"glucose":[29,155],"normal":[32],"level.":[33],"We":[34],"believe":[35],"Reinforcement":[36],"Learning":[37],"(RL)":[38],"can":[39,129],"be":[40],"an":[41],"effective":[42],"approach":[43],"learn":[45],"and":[46,116],"further":[47],"recommend":[48,109],"ideal":[50],"sequence":[51],"optimize":[55],"outcome.":[59],"In":[60],"this":[61],"paper,":[62],"we":[63],"implement":[64],"RL":[65,72,104,127],"with":[66],"deep":[68],"Q":[69],"network.":[70],"Our":[71,121],"model":[73,105,128,146],"learns":[74,147],"from":[75],"patient":[78],"registry":[79],"dataset":[80],"consists":[82],"clinical":[85],"data":[86],"newly":[88],"diagnosed":[89],"patients":[91],"over":[92],"twelve-month":[94],"period":[95],"including":[96],"four":[97],"follow-ups":[98],"since":[99],"their":[100],"first":[101],"visit.":[102],"The":[103],"trained":[107],"number":[111,118],"oral":[113],"antidiabetic":[114],"drugs":[115],"insulins.":[120],"experiments":[122],"have":[123],"shown":[124],"our":[126],"improve":[130],"hemoglobin":[133],"A1c":[134],"goal":[135],"achieving":[136],"rate":[137],"by":[138],"up":[139],"15%.":[141],"This":[142],"confirms":[143],"good":[148],"medication":[149],"patterns":[150],"favor":[152],"control.":[156]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-28T08:17:26.163206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}