{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417169957","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icecs66544.2025.11270711","title":"BLE and mmWave Data Fusion Techniques for an Indoor Positioning System","display_name":"BLE and mmWave Data Fusion Techniques for an Indoor Positioning System","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417169957","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icecs66544.2025.11270711"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icecs66544.2025.11270711","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icecs66544.2025.11270711","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 32nd IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems (ICECS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120734702","display_name":"Christine Erica A. Aguilar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87074743","display_name":"University of the Philippines Diliman","ror":"https://ror.org/03tbh6y23","country_code":"PH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103911934","https://openalex.org/I87074743"]}],"countries":["PH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Christine Erica A. Aguilar","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of the Philippines,Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute,Diliman Quezon City,Philippines"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the Philippines,Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute,Diliman Quezon City,Philippines","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87074743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120758677","display_name":"Rhea Lynn R. Recomio","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87074743","display_name":"University of the Philippines Diliman","ror":"https://ror.org/03tbh6y23","country_code":"PH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103911934","https://openalex.org/I87074743"]}],"countries":["PH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rhea Lynn R. Recomio","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of the Philippines,Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute,Diliman Quezon City,Philippines"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the Philippines,Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute,Diliman Quezon City,Philippines","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87074743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120734703","display_name":"Mhar E. Tamayo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87074743","display_name":"University of the Philippines Diliman","ror":"https://ror.org/03tbh6y23","country_code":"PH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103911934","https://openalex.org/I87074743"]}],"countries":["PH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mhar E. Tamayo","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of the Philippines,Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute,Diliman Quezon City,Philippines"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the Philippines,Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute,Diliman Quezon City,Philippines","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87074743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088754198","display_name":"Marc Rosales","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0558-7993"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87074743","display_name":"University of the Philippines Diliman","ror":"https://ror.org/03tbh6y23","country_code":"PH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103911934","https://openalex.org/I87074743"]}],"countries":["PH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marc Rosales","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of the Philippines,Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute,Diliman Quezon City,Philippines"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the Philippines,Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute,Diliman Quezon City,Philippines","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87074743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032514003","display_name":"Paul Jason Co","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87074743","display_name":"University of the Philippines Diliman","ror":"https://ror.org/03tbh6y23","country_code":"PH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103911934","https://openalex.org/I87074743"]}],"countries":["PH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Jason Co","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of the Philippines,Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute,Diliman Quezon City,Philippines"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the Philippines,Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute,Diliman Quezon City,Philippines","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87074743"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112421035","display_name":"John Richard E. Hizon","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87074743","display_name":"University of the Philippines Diliman","ror":"https://ror.org/03tbh6y23","country_code":"PH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103911934","https://openalex.org/I87074743"]}],"countries":["PH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Richard Hizon","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of the Philippines,Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute,Diliman Quezon City,Philippines"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the Philippines,Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute,Diliman Quezon City,Philippines","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87074743"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5120734702"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87074743"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.42427858,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"4"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.7688999772071838,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.7688999772071838,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11739","display_name":"Microwave Imaging and Scattering Analysis","score":0.06440000236034393,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.02759999968111515,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-fusion","display_name":"Sensor fusion","score":0.534600019454956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.5116000175476074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bluetooth-low-energy","display_name":"Bluetooth Low Energy","score":0.5067999958992004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indoor-positioning-system","display_name":"Indoor positioning system","score":0.47530001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bluetooth","display_name":"Bluetooth","score":0.41350001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/positioning-system","display_name":"Positioning system","score":0.3720000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.367900013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hybrid-positioning-system","display_name":"Hybrid positioning system","score":0.36579999327659607}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7440000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.583299994468689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.534600019454956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.5116000175476074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776418194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1638779","display_name":"Bluetooth Low Energy","level":4,"score":0.5067999958992004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777486483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6026477","display_name":"Indoor positioning system","level":3,"score":0.47530001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C546215728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39531","display_name":"Bluetooth","level":3,"score":0.41350001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778603505","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141406","display_name":"Positioning system","level":3,"score":0.3720000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.367900013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187394410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141406","display_name":"Hybrid positioning system","level":4,"score":0.36579999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984296375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar systems","level":3,"score":0.34850001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.2797999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154910267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1740982","display_name":"Non-line-of-sight propagation","level":3,"score":0.27810001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.26649999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.26510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2385561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45432","display_name":"RSS","level":2,"score":0.2646999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.2644999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32283439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1407014","display_name":"Radar tracker","level":3,"score":0.26109999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.25859999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4978587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1138810","display_name":"Cram\u00e9r\u2013Rao bound","level":3,"score":0.2565000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.2558000087738037}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icecs66544.2025.11270711","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icecs66544.2025.11270711","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 32nd IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems (ICECS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3126780258","https://openalex.org/W4200614049","https://openalex.org/W4387089100","https://openalex.org/W4390670517","https://openalex.org/W4406894399"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Limitations":[0],"of":[1,15,116,138,145,200,211],"the":[2,13,114,132,143,151],"Global":[3],"Positioning":[4,17],"System":[5],"(GPS)":[6],"in":[7,127],"indoor":[8],"environments":[9],"have":[10,63],"led":[11],"to":[12,28,55,147,161],"development":[14],"Indoor":[16],"Systems":[18],"(IPS).":[19],"Bluetooth":[20],"Low":[21],"Energy":[22],"(BLE)":[23],"is":[24],"widely":[25],"used":[26],"due":[27],"its":[29],"affordability":[30],"and":[31,44,53,81,94,134,156,169,205],"accessibility.":[32],"However,":[33],"BLE-based":[34,117,163],"systems":[35,49],"often":[36],"suffer":[37],"from":[38,172],"accuracy":[39],"issues":[40],"caused":[41],"by":[42,78,86,119,141],"fluctuations":[43],"interference.":[45],"Moreover,":[46],"many":[47],"existing":[48],"are":[50],"costly,":[51],"complex,":[52],"limited":[54],"single-target":[56,181],"tracking.":[57],"To":[58],"address":[59],"these":[60],"challenges,":[61],"researchers":[62],"explored":[64],"collaborative":[65],"IPS":[66,118,140,164],"(CIPS)":[67],"that":[68],"combine":[69],"multiple":[70],"sensing":[71],"technologies.":[72],"This":[73,109],"study":[74],"demonstrated":[75],"another":[76],"approach":[77,110],"combining":[79],"BLE":[80,88,130,148],"millimeter-wave":[82],"(mmWave)":[83],"radar":[84,101],"technologies":[85],"fusing":[87],"Receive":[89],"Signal":[90],"Strength":[91],"Indicator":[92],"(RSSI)":[93],"In-phase":[95],"Quadrature":[96],"(IQ)":[97],"data":[98],"with":[99,209],"mmWave":[100,121],"outputs":[102],"using":[103],"a":[104],"Random":[105],"Forest":[106],"(RF)":[107],"algorithm.":[108],"focuses":[111],"on":[112],"enhancing":[113],"performance":[115],"integrating":[120],"radar,":[122],"which":[123],"addresses":[124],"BLE's":[125],"limitations":[126],"precision,":[128],"while":[129,183],"extends":[131],"coverage":[133],"reduces":[135],"false":[136,167],"detections":[137],"mmWave-based":[139],"matching":[142],"number":[144],"targets":[146,171],"tags.":[149],"Although":[150],"fusion":[152],"increases":[153],"system":[154,195],"complexity":[155],"cost,":[157],"it":[158],"was":[159],"able":[160],"improve":[162],"accuracy,":[165,208],"remove":[166],"detections,":[168],"distinguish":[170],"each":[173],"other.":[174],"Additionally,":[175],"weighted":[176],"averaging":[177],"proves":[178],"optimal":[179],"for":[180,188,191],"tracking,":[182],"midpoint":[184],"calculation":[185],"performs":[186],"better":[187],"multi-target":[189],"detection":[190],"aggregation.":[192],"The":[193],"fused":[194],"(mmBLE)":[196],"has":[197],"an":[198],"RMSE":[199],"0.5597m,":[201],"outperforming":[202],"BLE-only":[203],"models":[204],"approaching":[206],"mmWave-only":[207],"RMSEs":[210],"2.0066m":[212],"(BLE":[213],"-":[214,219],"4":[215],"anchors),":[216],"0.1140m":[217],"(mmWave":[218],"2":[220],"anchors).":[221]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-07T16:01:11.037858","created_date":"2025-12-09T00:00:00"}