{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4390693338","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icecs58634.2023.10382939","title":"Electrical and Wave Digital Modeling of CMOS-Based Ring Oscillators","display_name":"Electrical and Wave Digital Modeling of CMOS-Based Ring Oscillators","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4390693338","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icecs58634.2023.10382939"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icecs58634.2023.10382939","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icecs58634.2023.10382939","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 30th IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems (ICECS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009656579","display_name":"Bakr Al Beattie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4675-9771"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I904495901","display_name":"Ruhr University Bochum","ror":"https://ror.org/04tsk2644","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bakr Al Beattie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ruhr-University Bochum,Chair of Digital Communication Systems,Bochum,Germany","Chair of Digital Communication Systems, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ruhr-University Bochum,Chair of Digital Communication Systems,Bochum,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Digital Communication Systems, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084163124","display_name":"Bharath Kumar Singh Muralidhar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32021983","display_name":"Kiel University","ror":"https://ror.org/04v76ef78","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32021983"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3133086891","display_name":"Fachhochschule Kiel","ror":"https://ror.org/03q0ab227","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3133086891"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bharath Kumar Singh Muralidhar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kiel-University,Chair of Networked Electronic Systems,Kiel,Germany","Chair of Networked Electronic Systems, Kiel-University, Kiel, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kiel-University,Chair of Networked Electronic Systems,Kiel,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3133086891","https://openalex.org/I32021983"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Networked Electronic Systems, Kiel-University, Kiel, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32021983"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027997164","display_name":"Max Uhlmann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8625-2040"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92894754","display_name":"Innovations for High Performance Microelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/0489gab80","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I315704651","https://openalex.org/I92894754"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Max Uhlmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["IHP - Leibniz-Institut fur innovative Mikroelektronik, Frankfurt (Oder), Germany,Frankfurt (Oder),Germany","IHP - Leibniz-Institut fur innovative Mikroelektronik, Frankfurt (Oder), Germany, Frankfurt (Oder), Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IHP - Leibniz-Institut fur innovative Mikroelektronik, Frankfurt (Oder), Germany,Frankfurt (Oder),Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92894754"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IHP - Leibniz-Institut fur innovative Mikroelektronik, Frankfurt (Oder), Germany, Frankfurt (Oder), Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92894754"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076364824","display_name":"Gerhard Kahmen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2674-2240"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92894754","display_name":"Innovations for High Performance Microelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/0489gab80","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I315704651","https://openalex.org/I92894754"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gerhard Kahmen","raw_affiliation_strings":["IHP - Leibniz-Institut fur innovative Mikroelektronik, Frankfurt (Oder), Germany,Frankfurt (Oder),Germany","IHP - Leibniz-Institut fur innovative Mikroelektronik, Frankfurt (Oder), Germany, Frankfurt (Oder), Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IHP - Leibniz-Institut fur innovative Mikroelektronik, Frankfurt (Oder), Germany,Frankfurt (Oder),Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92894754"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IHP - Leibniz-Institut fur innovative Mikroelektronik, Frankfurt (Oder), Germany, Frankfurt (Oder), Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92894754"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075504983","display_name":"Robert Rieger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4436-0804"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3133086891","display_name":"Fachhochschule Kiel","ror":"https://ror.org/03q0ab227","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3133086891"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32021983","display_name":"Kiel University","ror":"https://ror.org/04v76ef78","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32021983"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Rieger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kiel-University,Chair of Networked Electronic Systems,Kiel,Germany","Chair of Networked Electronic Systems, Kiel-University, Kiel, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kiel-University,Chair of Networked Electronic Systems,Kiel,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3133086891","https://openalex.org/I32021983"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Networked Electronic Systems, Kiel-University, Kiel, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32021983"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058238606","display_name":"Karlheinz Ochs","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1484-6125"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I904495901","display_name":"Ruhr University Bochum","ror":"https://ror.org/04tsk2644","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karlheinz Ochs","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ruhr-University Bochum,Chair of Digital Communication Systems,Bochum,Germany","Chair of Digital Communication Systems, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ruhr-University Bochum,Chair of Digital Communication Systems,Bochum,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Digital Communication Systems, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5009656579"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.17642924,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"4"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.7571156024932861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emulation","display_name":"Emulation","score":0.7166018486022949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ring-oscillator","display_name":"Ring oscillator","score":0.6810913681983948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6524659395217896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuromorphic-engineering","display_name":"Neuromorphic engineering","score":0.6468944549560547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/integrator","display_name":"Integrator","score":0.6409139633178711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.556088387966156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matlab","display_name":"MATLAB","score":0.4796329140663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/python","display_name":"Python (programming language)","score":0.4760677218437195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-electronics","display_name":"Digital electronics","score":0.43998584151268005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-system","display_name":"Nonlinear system","score":0.4339507818222046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-circuit-simulation","display_name":"Electronic circuit simulation","score":0.41655001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.26360422372817993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.25847113132476807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-circuit","display_name":"Electronic circuit","score":0.21084073185920715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.16385960578918457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.13934901356697083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.13353601098060608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.09743320941925049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.08047062158584595}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.7571156024932861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149810388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5374873","display_name":"Emulation","level":2,"score":0.7166018486022949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104111718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2153973","display_name":"Ring oscillator","level":3,"score":0.6810913681983948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6524659395217896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151927369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1981312","display_name":"Neuromorphic engineering","level":3,"score":0.6468944549560547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79518650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2081431","display_name":"Integrator","level":3,"score":0.6409139633178711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.556088387966156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780365114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169478","display_name":"MATLAB","level":2,"score":0.4796329140663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519991488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865","display_name":"Python (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.4760677218437195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81843906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173156","display_name":"Digital electronics","level":3,"score":0.43998584151268005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.4339507818222046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46205389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1270401","display_name":"Electronic circuit simulation","level":3,"score":0.41655001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.26360422372817993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.25847113132476807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134146338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1815901","display_name":"Electronic circuit","level":2,"score":0.21084073185920715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.16385960578918457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.13934901356697083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.13353601098060608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.09743320941925049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.08047062158584595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icecs58634.2023.10382939","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icecs58634.2023.10382939","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 30th IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems (ICECS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8899999856948853}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1972580129","https://openalex.org/W2026788380","https://openalex.org/W2114804139","https://openalex.org/W2744013291","https://openalex.org/W2904302621","https://openalex.org/W2969580338","https://openalex.org/W3203132159","https://openalex.org/W4283639782","https://openalex.org/W4295480317","https://openalex.org/W4309270028","https://openalex.org/W4309400730","https://openalex.org/W4312663254"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2986579802","https://openalex.org/W3108691306","https://openalex.org/W4389237622","https://openalex.org/W2166309310","https://openalex.org/W4385753159","https://openalex.org/W4200152843","https://openalex.org/W2096430965","https://openalex.org/W2680358491","https://openalex.org/W2376757218","https://openalex.org/W2386329201"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"report":[1],"on":[2],"a":[3,7,44,100,136,159],"modeling":[4],"approach":[5],"for":[6,23,140],"CMOSbased":[8],"ring":[9],"oscillator":[10,20],"mimicking":[11,154],"the":[12,15,59,67,74,79,109,121,125,148,155,167,172],"functionality":[13],"of":[14,47,61,69,76,93,124,153],"leaky-integrate-and-fire":[16],"neuron":[17],"model.":[18],"The":[19],"is":[21,64,150],"useful":[22],"neuromorphic":[24],"applications,":[25],"as":[26,58],"it":[27,130],"can":[28,54,82,111,131],"be":[29,55,84,112,132],"used":[30,133],"to":[31,66,134,158,164],"implement":[32],"small":[33],"and":[34,72,128],"energy-efficient":[35],"analog":[36],"neural":[37],"networks":[38],"with":[39,50,87,104,114],"CMOS":[40,80,126,156],"technology.":[41],"However,":[42],"simulating":[43],"large":[45],"number":[46,60,68,75],"such":[48],"oscillators":[49],"typical":[51],"simulation":[52],"software":[53],"very":[56],"time-consuming,":[57],"implicit":[62],"equations":[63],"proportional":[65],"nonlinear":[70,122],"components":[71,169],"thus":[73],"oscillators.":[77],"Furthermore,":[78],"circuit":[81,157],"not":[83],"directly":[85],"simulated":[86,113],"standard":[88],"numerical":[89,116],"integrators,":[90],"e.g.":[91],"those":[92],"MATLAB":[94],"or":[95],"Python.":[96],"Therefore,":[97],"we":[98],"propose":[99],"simplified":[101],"electrical":[102],"model":[103,110,139,149],"two":[105],"key":[106],"advantages:":[107],"i)":[108],"any":[115],"integration":[117],"method,":[118],"while":[119],"capturing":[120],"dynamics":[123],"circuit;":[127],"ii)":[129],"derive":[135],"wave":[137],"digital":[138],"emulation":[141,144],"purposes.":[142],"Our":[143],"results":[145],"show":[146],"that":[147],"indeed":[151],"capable":[152],"suitable":[160],"degree":[161],"without":[162],"having":[163],"consider":[165],"all":[166],"sophisticated":[168],"appearing":[170],"in":[171],"original":[173],"circuit.":[174]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-12-21T01:58:51.020947","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}