{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3116888807","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icecs49266.2020.9294877","title":"From Arithmetic to Logic based AI: A Comparative Analysis of Neural Networks and Tsetlin Machine","display_name":"From Arithmetic to Logic based AI: A Comparative Analysis of Neural Networks and Tsetlin Machine","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-11-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3116888807","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icecs49266.2020.9294877","mag":"3116888807"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icecs49266.2020.9294877","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icecs49266.2020.9294877","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 27th IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems (ICECS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100324371","display_name":"Jie Lei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9998-9503"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153877","display_name":"Microsystems (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/04pvywd96","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153877"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84884186","display_name":"Newcastle University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kj2bm70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jie Lei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsystems Research Group, School of Engineering, Newcastle University, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsystems Research Group, School of Engineering, Newcastle University, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186","https://openalex.org/I4210153877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078120829","display_name":"Adrian Wheeldon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4672-5990"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84884186","display_name":"Newcastle University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kj2bm70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153877","display_name":"Microsystems (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/04pvywd96","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153877"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adrian Wheeldon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsystems Research Group, School of Engineering, Newcastle University, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsystems Research Group, School of Engineering, Newcastle University, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186","https://openalex.org/I4210153877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077777787","display_name":"Rishad Shafik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5444-537X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84884186","display_name":"Newcastle University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kj2bm70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153877","display_name":"Microsystems (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/04pvywd96","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153877"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rishad Shafik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsystems Research Group, School of Engineering, Newcastle University, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsystems Research Group, School of Engineering, Newcastle University, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186","https://openalex.org/I4210153877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029446985","display_name":"Alex Yakovlev","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0826-9330"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84884186","display_name":"Newcastle University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kj2bm70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153877","display_name":"Microsystems (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/04pvywd96","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153877"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alex Yakovlev","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsystems Research Group, School of Engineering, Newcastle University, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsystems Research Group, School of Engineering, Newcastle University, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186","https://openalex.org/I4210153877"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071922620","display_name":"Ole\u2010Christoffer Granmo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7287-030X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200650556","display_name":"University of Agder","ror":"https://ror.org/03x297z98","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200650556"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ole-Christoffer Granmo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for AI Research (CAIR), University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for AI Research (CAIR), University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200650556"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100324371"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153877","https://openalex.org/I84884186"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2535,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90576649,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"4"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12288","display_name":"Optimization and Search Problems","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7069591879844666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.6698884963989258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5581346154212952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perceptron","display_name":"Perceptron","score":0.5240209698677063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4447183310985565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finite-state-machine","display_name":"Finite-state machine","score":0.43888476490974426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.36868202686309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.20714280009269714}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7069591879844666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.6698884963989258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5581346154212952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60908668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690207","display_name":"Perceptron","level":3,"score":0.5240209698677063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4447183310985565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167822520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176452","display_name":"Finite-state machine","level":2,"score":0.43888476490974426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.36868202686309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.20714280009269714}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icecs49266.2020.9294877","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icecs49266.2020.9294877","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 27th IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems (ICECS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8700000047683716,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4664232982","display_name":"STRATA; Layers for Structuring Trustworthy Ambient Systems","funder_award_id":"EP/N023641/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G732396245","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/N023641/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2146875259","https://openalex.org/W2208292497","https://openalex.org/W2735760394","https://openalex.org/W2795849550","https://openalex.org/W2796362437","https://openalex.org/W2927755428","https://openalex.org/W2972446291","https://openalex.org/W2973268792","https://openalex.org/W3000585769","https://openalex.org/W3043722257","https://openalex.org/W3047761023","https://openalex.org/W6750154454"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2082756648","https://openalex.org/W3194278305","https://openalex.org/W2289648981","https://openalex.org/W4281261571","https://openalex.org/W1565459987","https://openalex.org/W4251237796","https://openalex.org/W2535494882","https://openalex.org/W4387024110","https://openalex.org/W45198419","https://openalex.org/W1232590083"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Neural":[0],"networks":[1],"constitute":[2],"a":[3,28,127],"well-established":[4],"design":[5,79],"method":[6],"for":[7,36,110],"current":[8],"and":[9,65,104,114,125,140,154,164,182],"future":[10],"generations":[11],"of":[12,30,62,149,157,161,179,191],"artificial":[13,77,174],"intelligence.":[14],"They":[15],"depends":[16],"on":[17,59,85,151],"regressed":[18],"arithmetic":[19,153],"between":[20],"perceptrons":[21],"organized":[22],"in":[23,50,136,159,177],"multiple":[24],"layers":[25],"to":[26,187],"derive":[27],"set":[29],"weights":[31],"that":[32,169],"can":[33],"be":[34],"used":[35],"classification":[37],"or":[38],"prediction.":[39],"Over":[40],"the":[41,60,147,189],"past":[42],"few":[43],"decades,":[44],"significant":[45],"progress":[46],"has":[47,100],"been":[48],"made":[49],"low-complexity":[51],"designs":[52],"enabled":[53],"by":[54,185],"powerful":[55],"hardware/software":[56],"ecosystems.":[57],"Built":[58],"foundations":[61],"finite-state":[63],"automata":[64],"game":[66],"theory,":[67],"Tsetlin":[68,96],"Machine":[69,97,171],"is":[70,82],"increasingly":[71],"gaining":[72],"momentum":[73],"as":[74,106,108],"an":[75],"emerging":[76],"intelligence":[78],"method.":[80],"It":[81],"fundamentally":[83],"based":[84,88],"propositional":[86],"logic":[87,155],"formulation":[89],"using":[90],"booleanized":[91],"input":[92],"features.":[93],"Recently":[94],"developed":[95],"hardware":[98],"architecture":[99],"demonstrated":[101],"competitive":[102],"performance":[103],"accuracy":[105,163],"well":[107],"opportunities":[109],"by-design":[111],"energy":[112,165,183,193],"efficiency":[113,184],"explainability.":[115],"In":[116],"this":[117],"paper,":[118],"we":[119],"investigate":[120],"these":[121],"two":[122],"architectures":[123],"closely":[124],"perform":[126],"comprehensive,":[128],"comparative":[129],"analysis":[130],"considering":[131],"their":[132],"architectural":[133],"subtleties":[134],"implemented":[135],"low-level":[137],"C":[138],"language":[139],"ignoring":[141],"any":[142],"specialized":[143],"implementations.":[144],"We":[145,167],"study":[146],"impact":[148],"hyperparameters":[150],"both":[152],"basis":[156],"learning":[158,180],"terms":[160,178],"performance,":[162],"efficiency.":[166],"show":[168],"Tsetln":[170],"consistently":[172],"outperforms":[173],"neural":[175],"network":[176],"convergence":[181],"up":[186],"15\u00d7at":[188],"cost":[190],"higher":[192],"consumption":[194],"per":[195],"epoch.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}