{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1982515479","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icecs.2012.6463505","title":"A double-delta compensating technique for pulse-frequency modulation CMOS image sensor","display_name":"A double-delta compensating technique for pulse-frequency modulation CMOS image sensor","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1982515479","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icecs.2012.6463505","mag":"1982515479"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icecs.2012.6463505","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icecs.2012.6463505","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 19th IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits, and Systems (ICECS 2012)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101473294","display_name":"Tsung-Hsun Tsai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0335-028X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192455969","display_name":"York University","ror":"https://ror.org/05fq50484","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tsung-Hsun Tsai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science & Engineering York University, VISOR Laboratory, Ontario, Canada","Department of Computer Science and Engineering York University, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science & Engineering York University, VISOR Laboratory, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering York University, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102710779","display_name":"Richard Hornsey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1053-9863"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192455969","display_name":"York University","ror":"https://ror.org/05fq50484","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard Hornsey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science & Engineering York University, VISOR Laboratory, Ontario, Canada","Department of Computer Science and Engineering York University, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science & Engineering York University, VISOR Laboratory, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering York University, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101473294"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.05780257,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"945","last_page":"948"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11472","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry and Sensors","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1502","display_name":"Bioengineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.9894999861717224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comparator","display_name":"Comparator","score":0.8372422456741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.7337992191314697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/offset","display_name":"Offset (computer science)","score":0.6894083023071289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.685148298740387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-range","display_name":"Dynamic range","score":0.5445073843002319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.5416423082351685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fixed-pattern-noise","display_name":"Fixed-pattern noise","score":0.49336138367652893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulse-width-modulation","display_name":"Pulse-width modulation","score":0.4776569604873657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.4727295935153961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monte-carlo-method","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","score":0.4703132212162018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-sensor","display_name":"Image sensor","score":0.46233293414115906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.4510457217693329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.41737863421440125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.30819982290267944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.2669745683670044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2500666081905365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.24393290281295776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.15727320313453674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.11983335018157959}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155745195","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1164179","display_name":"Comparator","level":3,"score":0.8372422456741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.7337992191314697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175291020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156822","display_name":"Offset (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.6894083023071289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.685148298740387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87133666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161699","display_name":"Dynamic range","level":2,"score":0.5445073843002319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.5416423082351685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778368474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5456322","display_name":"Fixed-pattern noise","level":3,"score":0.49336138367652893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92746544","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q585184","display_name":"Pulse-width modulation","level":3,"score":0.4776569604873657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.4727295935153961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19499675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232207","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","level":2,"score":0.4703132212162018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76935873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209121","display_name":"Image sensor","level":2,"score":0.46233293414115906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.4510457217693329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.41737863421440125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.30819982290267944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2669745683670044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2500666081905365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.24393290281295776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.15727320313453674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.11983335018157959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icecs.2012.6463505","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icecs.2012.6463505","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 19th IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits, and Systems (ICECS 2012)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7099999785423279,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2048485090","https://openalex.org/W2107423283","https://openalex.org/W2112996159","https://openalex.org/W2123680910","https://openalex.org/W2132014979","https://openalex.org/W2143944328","https://openalex.org/W2159110563","https://openalex.org/W2165373903"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3188917671","https://openalex.org/W2750896364","https://openalex.org/W2147395055","https://openalex.org/W1966415111","https://openalex.org/W2093540298","https://openalex.org/W2350553929","https://openalex.org/W2944131264","https://openalex.org/W4385733096","https://openalex.org/W2101061064","https://openalex.org/W1545534879"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"design":[1],"a":[2,8,94],"double-delta":[3],"compensating":[4],"(DDC)":[5],"technique":[6,15],"for":[7,89],"comparator-based":[9],"pulse-frequency":[10],"modulation":[11],"(PFM)":[12],"pixel.":[13],"This":[14],"has":[16],"been":[17,82],"demonstrated":[18],"by":[19,45,62],"simulation":[20],"to":[21,38,56],"achieve":[22],"both":[23],"fixed-pattern":[24],"noise":[25],"(FPN)":[26],"reduction":[27],"and":[28,74],"dynamic":[29],"range":[30],"(DR)":[31],"extension":[32],"at":[33,46],"the":[34,39,41,63,72,85],"high-light":[35],"region.":[36],"According":[37],"result,":[40],"pixel":[42],"DR":[43],"extends":[44],"least":[47],"12":[48],"dB;":[49],"FPN":[50],"is":[51,60],"reduced":[52],"from":[53],"unacceptable":[54],"levels":[55],"1-3%":[57],"when":[58,71],"it":[59],"caused":[61],"comparator":[64],"offset":[65],"voltage":[66],"or":[67],"less":[68],"than":[69],"3.5%":[70],"layout":[73],"process":[75],"variations":[76,92],"are":[77],"considered.":[78],"These":[79],"simulations":[80],"have":[81],"performed":[83],"using":[84],"Monte":[86],"Carlo":[87],"method":[88],"realistic":[90],"parameter":[91],"in":[93],"0.18-\u03bcm":[95],"CMOS":[96],"technology.":[97]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}