{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2164758075","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icecs.2007.4510997","title":"A Masking Model of HVS for Image Watermaking in the DCT Domain","display_name":"A Masking Model of HVS for Image Watermaking in the DCT Domain","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2164758075","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icecs.2007.4510997","mag":"2164758075"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icecs.2007.4510997","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icecs.2007.4510997","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2007 14th IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084624828","display_name":"Samia Belkacem","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0912-3392"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162489102","display_name":"University of Batna 1","ror":"https://ror.org/04hrbe508","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162489102"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samia Belkacem","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Batna, Batna, Algeria. E-mail: belkacemsamia@yahoo.fr","Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Batna, Batna, Algeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Batna, Batna, Algeria. E-mail: belkacemsamia@yahoo.fr","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162489102"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Batna, Batna, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162489102"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038240762","display_name":"Zohir Dibi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162489102","display_name":"University of Batna 1","ror":"https://ror.org/04hrbe508","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162489102"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zohir Dibi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Member IEEE, Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Batna, Batna, Algeria","Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Batna, Batna, Algeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Member IEEE, Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Batna, Batna, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162489102"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Batna, Batna, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162489102"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033623398","display_name":"Ahmed Bouridane","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1474-2772"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","display_name":"Queen's University Belfast","ror":"https://ror.org/00hswnk62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096394","display_name":"Queens University","ror":"https://ror.org/00strmv13","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210096394"]}],"countries":["BD","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Bouridane","raw_affiliation_strings":["Senior Member, IEEE, School of Electronics, Electrical Eng. & Computer Science Queens University Belfast, Belfast, BT7 1NN, UK. E-mail: A.Bouridane@qubac.ac.uk"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Senior Member, IEEE, School of Electronics, Electrical Eng. & Computer Science Queens University Belfast, Belfast, BT7 1NN, UK. E-mail: A.Bouridane@qubac.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126231945","https://openalex.org/I4210096394"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7884,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71945523,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"330","last_page":"334"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11605","display_name":"Visual Attention and Saliency Detection","score":0.9825999736785889,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-visual-system-model","display_name":"Human visual system model","score":0.8671261072158813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7472454309463501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7411699295043945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.7078953981399536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-cosine-transform","display_name":"Discrete cosine transform","score":0.7074662446975708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/watermark","display_name":"Watermark","score":0.671428918838501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/masking","display_name":"Masking (illustration)","score":0.6078527569770813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-watermarking","display_name":"Digital watermarking","score":0.5609837174415588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distortion","display_name":"Distortion (music)","score":0.5443931818008423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/luminance","display_name":"Luminance","score":0.49598345160484314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visibility","display_name":"Visibility","score":0.49476736783981323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-eye","display_name":"Human eye","score":0.48382845520973206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-quality","display_name":"Image quality","score":0.44135624170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brightness","display_name":"Brightness","score":0.42907842993736267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.4058918356895447}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160086991","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5939193","display_name":"Human visual system model","level":3,"score":0.8671261072158813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7472454309463501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7411699295043945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.7078953981399536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2221639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2877","display_name":"Discrete cosine transform","level":3,"score":0.7074662446975708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164112704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7974348","display_name":"Watermark","level":3,"score":0.671428918838501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777402240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6783436","display_name":"Masking (illustration)","level":2,"score":0.6078527569770813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150817343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875932","display_name":"Digital watermarking","level":3,"score":0.5609837174415588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126780896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899871","display_name":"Distortion (music)","level":4,"score":0.5443931818008423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73313986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355386","display_name":"Luminance","level":2,"score":0.49598345160484314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123403432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q654068","display_name":"Visibility","level":2,"score":0.49476736783981323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781427961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q430024","display_name":"Human eye","level":2,"score":0.48382845520973206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55020928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3813865","display_name":"Image quality","level":3,"score":0.44135624170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125245961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221656","display_name":"Brightness","level":2,"score":0.42907842993736267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4058918356895447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194257627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211554","display_name":"Amplifier","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icecs.2007.4510997","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icecs.2007.4510997","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2007 14th IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","score":0.6000000238418579}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1513405660","https://openalex.org/W1528207269","https://openalex.org/W1671708284","https://openalex.org/W2083122891","https://openalex.org/W2085371053","https://openalex.org/W2095975429","https://openalex.org/W2110407460","https://openalex.org/W2116467012","https://openalex.org/W2126345121","https://openalex.org/W2139289040","https://openalex.org/W6631561470","https://openalex.org/W6679131765"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1967073369","https://openalex.org/W2281180546","https://openalex.org/W2771741105","https://openalex.org/W1485615884","https://openalex.org/W1564637051","https://openalex.org/W2084773883","https://openalex.org/W2097012618","https://openalex.org/W2032638424","https://openalex.org/W2151541397","https://openalex.org/W2367741774"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0,159],"substantial":[1],"amount":[2],"of":[3,50,56,84,91,102,151,166,182],"work":[4],"has":[5],"been":[6],"devoted":[7],"to":[8,19,73,116,131,177],"understanding":[9],"the":[10,45,51,54,57,75,85,88,92,98,103,106,110,135,144,149,152,164,174,179,189],"human":[11,58,111],"visual":[12,59],"system":[13,60],"(HVS)":[14],"and":[15,37,53,95,157],"applying":[16],"this":[17,24],"knowledge":[18],"image":[20,52],"processing":[21],"applications.":[22],"In":[23,44],"paper,":[25],"we":[26,96],"present":[27],"a":[28],"novel":[29],"watermarking":[30],"approach":[31],"for":[32],"applications":[33],"in":[34,61,71,105,118,126],"copy":[35],"protection":[36],"digital":[38],"archives":[39],"based":[40],"on":[41,79],"perceptual":[42],"masking.":[43],"proposed":[46,168],"scheme,":[47],"local":[48],"properties":[49],"features":[55],"discrete":[62],"cosine":[63],"transform":[64],"(DCT)":[65],"domain":[66],"are":[67],"taken":[68],"into":[69],"consideration":[70],"order":[72],"optimize":[74],"watermark":[76,190],"strength.":[77],"Based":[78],"NVF":[80],"(noise":[81],"visibility":[82],"function)":[83],"cover":[86],"image,":[87,108],"mask":[89],"is":[90,113,137,161],"same":[93],"size,":[94],"incorporate":[97],"luminance":[99],"masking":[100,107],"effect":[101],"HVS":[104],"since":[109],"eye":[112],"less":[114],"sensitive":[115],"change":[117],"regions":[119,129],"with":[120,170],"high":[121],"brightness":[122],"as":[123,125],"well":[124],"very":[127],"dark":[128],"compared":[130],"mid-grey":[132],"regions,":[133],"where":[134],"distortion":[136],"most":[138],"noticeable.":[139],"Experimental":[140],"results":[141,165],"demonstrate":[142,178],"that":[143,171],"new":[145,184],"embedding":[146],"rule":[147],"enhances":[148],"quality":[150],"watermarked":[153],"images":[154],"both":[155],"subjectively":[156],"objectively.":[158],"comparison":[160],"made":[162],"between":[163],"our":[167,183],"algorithm":[169],"use":[172],"only":[173],"textured":[175],"area":[176],"superior":[180],"performance":[181],"algorithm,":[185],"while":[186],"not":[187],"degrading":[188],"detection":[191],"performance.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}