{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2114646558","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icdsp.2009.5201086","title":"Optical steganography for data hiding in optical networks","display_name":"Optical steganography for data hiding in optical networks","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2114646558","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icdsp.2009.5201086","mag":"2114646558"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icdsp.2009.5201086","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icdsp.2009.5201086","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2009 16th International Conference on Digital Signal Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038830874","display_name":"Paul R. Prucnal","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul R. Prucnal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA","Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, NJ 08544, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, NJ 08544, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040206804","display_name":"Mable P. Fok","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6534-4176"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mable P. Fok","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA","Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, NJ 08544, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, NJ 08544, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055562246","display_name":"Konstantin Kravtsov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4499-4089"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Konstantin Kravtsov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA","Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, NJ 08544, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, NJ 08544, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100402733","display_name":"Zhenxing Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3062-4522"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenxing Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA","Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, NJ 08544, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, NJ 08544, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2682,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.4644229,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10232","display_name":"Optical Network Technologies","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11797","display_name":"graph theory and CDMA systems","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5406394600868225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dispersion","display_name":"Dispersion (optics)","score":0.5356501936912537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-performance-monitoring","display_name":"Optical performance monitoring","score":0.5224184989929199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelength-division-multiplexing","display_name":"Wavelength-division multiplexing","score":0.512916088104248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.5119467973709106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-fiber","display_name":"Optical fiber","score":0.5000917911529541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bit-error-rate","display_name":"Bit error rate","score":0.4829813539981842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steganography","display_name":"Steganography","score":0.47210946679115295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.46822258830070496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplexing","display_name":"Multiplexing","score":0.4365803003311157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3846703767776489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.3297366797924042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelength","display_name":"Wavelength","score":0.31122487783432007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.30180978775024414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.18400493264198303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.09960678219795227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.08789998292922974}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5406394600868225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177562468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182893","display_name":"Dispersion (optics)","level":2,"score":0.5356501936912537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26840048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7098880","display_name":"Optical performance monitoring","level":4,"score":0.5224184989929199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160724564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620670","display_name":"Wavelength-division multiplexing","level":3,"score":0.512916088104248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.5119467973709106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194232370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162","display_name":"Optical fiber","level":2,"score":0.5000917911529541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56296756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840922","display_name":"Bit error rate","level":3,"score":0.4829813539981842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108801101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15032","display_name":"Steganography","level":3,"score":0.47210946679115295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.46822258830070496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19275194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q222903","display_name":"Multiplexing","level":2,"score":0.4365803003311157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3846703767776489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3297366797924042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6260449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41364","display_name":"Wavelength","level":2,"score":0.31122487783432007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.30180978775024414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.18400493264198303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.09960678219795227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.08789998292922974}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icdsp.2009.5201086","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icdsp.2009.5201086","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2009 16th International Conference on Digital Signal Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W653825260","https://openalex.org/W1965523547","https://openalex.org/W1988353467","https://openalex.org/W1990327540","https://openalex.org/W2000169078","https://openalex.org/W2007941720","https://openalex.org/W2025798215","https://openalex.org/W2030442655","https://openalex.org/W2046269014","https://openalex.org/W2134107889","https://openalex.org/W2143954461","https://openalex.org/W2150385494","https://openalex.org/W2157812555","https://openalex.org/W2167577564","https://openalex.org/W6641676904","https://openalex.org/W6682122436"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2130689016","https://openalex.org/W2128970135","https://openalex.org/W2113195210","https://openalex.org/W2159250429","https://openalex.org/W2020254810","https://openalex.org/W1897912135","https://openalex.org/W2537523034","https://openalex.org/W1527490248","https://openalex.org/W2092279363","https://openalex.org/W2078472727"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Optical":[0],"steganography":[1],"for":[2],"data-hiding":[3],"is":[4,18,48,69,75,106],"experimentally":[5],"demonstrated":[6,76],"using":[7],"group":[8,103],"velocity":[9,104],"dispersion":[10,54,105],"in":[11],"an":[12],"optical":[13,35,38],"network.":[14],"A":[15],"stealth":[16,60],"channel":[17,61,68],"temporally":[19],"and":[20,41,80],"spectrally":[21],"hidden":[22,46],"underneath":[23],"a":[24,108],"public":[25,67],"channel.":[26],"Our":[27],"technique":[28],"applies":[29],"to":[30,71,113],"several":[31],"different":[32],"types":[33],"of":[34,58,65,99,110],"systems":[36],"including":[37],"code":[39],"division":[40,43],"wavelength":[42],"multiplexing.":[44],"The":[45,56],"signal":[47],"retrieved":[49],"at":[50],"the":[51,59,63,66,86,97,100],"receiver":[52],"through":[53,77],"management.":[55],"effect":[57],"on":[62],"performance":[64],"shown":[70],"be":[72],"small;":[73],"this":[74],"eye":[78],"diagrams":[79],"bit-error":[81],"rate":[82],"measurements.":[83],"To":[84],"miniaturize":[85],"proposed":[87],"scheme,":[88],"compact":[89],"chirped":[90],"fiber":[91,101],"Bragg":[92],"gratings":[93],"are":[94],"used,":[95],"reducing":[96],"length":[98],"providing":[102],"by":[107],"factor":[109],"2000":[111],"compared":[112],"previous":[114],"demonstrations.":[115]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}