{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7134957516","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icdmw69685.2025.00227","title":"Ordinal Encoding as a Regularizer in Binary Loss for Solar Flare Prediction","display_name":"Ordinal Encoding as a Regularizer in Binary Loss for Solar Flare Prediction","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7134957516","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icdmw69685.2025.00227"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icdmw69685.2025.00227","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icdmw69685.2025.00227","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Conference on Data Mining Workshops (ICDMW)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042625709","display_name":"Chetraj Pandey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4699-4050"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I128956969","display_name":"Texas Christian University","ror":"https://ror.org/054b0b564","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I128956969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chetraj Pandey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas Christian University,Department of Computer Science,Fort Worth,TX,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas Christian University,Department of Computer Science,Fort Worth,TX,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I128956969"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029932684","display_name":"Jinsu Hong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4383-1376"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181565077","display_name":"Georgia State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03qt6ba18","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181565077"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinsu Hong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia State University,Department of Computer Science,Atlanta,GA,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia State University,Department of Computer Science,Atlanta,GA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181565077"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018886706","display_name":"Anli Ji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1551-2370"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142934699","display_name":"California State University, Fullerton","ror":"https://ror.org/02avqqw26","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142934699"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anli Ji","raw_affiliation_strings":["California State University,Department of Computer Science,Fullerton,CA,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"California State University,Department of Computer Science,Fullerton,CA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142934699"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009847987","display_name":"Rafal A. Angryk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9598-8207"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181565077","display_name":"Georgia State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03qt6ba18","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181565077"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rafal A. Angryk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia State University,Department of Computer Science,Atlanta,GA,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia State University,Department of Computer Science,Atlanta,GA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181565077"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128739667","display_name":"Berkay Aydin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181565077","display_name":"Georgia State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03qt6ba18","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181565077"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Berkay Aydin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia State University,Department of Computer Science,Atlanta,GA,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia State University,Department of Computer Science,Atlanta,GA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181565077"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5042625709"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I128956969"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78649719,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1890","last_page":"1895"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10251","display_name":"Solar and Space Plasma Dynamics","score":0.33399999141693115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10251","display_name":"Solar and Space Plasma Dynamics","score":0.33399999141693115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11276","display_name":"Solar Radiation and Photovoltaics","score":0.2768999934196472,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13487","display_name":"Statistical and numerical algorithms","score":0.026000000536441803,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2604","display_name":"Applied Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoding","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","score":0.6205000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.5494999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.41530001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-data","display_name":"Binary data","score":0.3424000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solar-flare","display_name":"Solar flare","score":0.2924000024795532}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.6205000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.5494999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.48539999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.44040000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.43630000948905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.42250001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.41530001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779190172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4913888","display_name":"Binary data","level":3,"score":0.3424000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185001636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q119830","display_name":"Solar flare","level":2,"score":0.2924000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63435697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864135","display_name":"Binary code","level":3,"score":0.2922999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.2632000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778112365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","level":2,"score":0.2502000033855438}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icdmw69685.2025.00227","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icdmw69685.2025.00227","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Conference on Data Mining Workshops (ICDMW)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action","score":0.4989447295665741}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1958898028","https://openalex.org/W2012295549","https://openalex.org/W2016675619","https://openalex.org/W2034895394","https://openalex.org/W2093586470","https://openalex.org/W2094483427","https://openalex.org/W2122755404","https://openalex.org/W2129833860","https://openalex.org/W2158612941","https://openalex.org/W2165119014","https://openalex.org/W2332651617","https://openalex.org/W2549449189","https://openalex.org/W2793171700","https://openalex.org/W2800761015","https://openalex.org/W2883908877","https://openalex.org/W2963158600","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W3007210650","https://openalex.org/W3008201674","https://openalex.org/W3046832359","https://openalex.org/W3136374795","https://openalex.org/W3165416686","https://openalex.org/W4205653606","https://openalex.org/W4291109640","https://openalex.org/W4291162302","https://openalex.org/W4385701252","https://openalex.org/W4386806255","https://openalex.org/W4390679445","https://openalex.org/W4391093559","https://openalex.org/W4391929877","https://openalex.org/W4392943649","https://openalex.org/W4402100980","https://openalex.org/W4403724012"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"prediction":[1,65,77,154],"of":[2,98,120,146,188],"solar":[3,63],"flares":[4],"is":[5],"typically":[6],"formulated":[7],"as":[8,15,135],"a":[9,24,108],"binary":[10,43,100,128],"classification":[11],"task,":[12],"distinguishing":[13],"events":[14,87,148],"either":[16],"Flare":[17],"(FL)":[18],"or":[19,36],"No-Flare":[20],"(NF)":[21],"according":[22],"to":[23,85,152,177],"specified":[25],"threshold":[26,155],"(e.g.,":[27],"<tex":[28,32,37],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[29,33,38],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$\\geq":[30,34,39],"{C}$</tex>-class,":[31],"{M}$</tex>-class,":[35],"{X}$</tex>-class).":[40],"However,":[41],"this":[42,76,104],"framework":[44],"neglects":[45],"the":[46,51,70,82,99,114,118,121,126,143,153,162,172,179,185,189],"inherent":[47],"ordinal":[48,115,169,186],"relationships":[49],"among":[50,117],"sub-classes":[52,119],"contained":[53],"within":[54],"each":[55],"category":[56],"(FL":[57],"and":[58],"NF).":[59],"Several":[60],"studies":[61],"on":[62,95],"flare":[64,123,147],"have":[66],"empirically":[67],"shown":[68],"that":[69,81,88,112,141],"most":[71],"frequent":[72],"misclassifications":[73],"occur":[74],"near":[75],"threshold.":[78,101],"This":[79,132],"suggests":[80],"models":[83],"struggle":[84],"differentiate":[86],"are":[89],"similar":[90],"in":[91,149],"intensity":[92],"but":[93],"fall":[94],"opposite":[96],"sides":[97],"To":[102],"mitigate":[103],"limitation,":[105],"we":[106,175],"propose":[107],"modified":[109],"loss":[110,173],"function":[111],"integrates":[113],"information":[116],"binarized":[122],"labels":[124],"into":[125,171],"conventional":[127],"cross-entropy":[129],"(BCE)":[130],"loss.":[131],"approach":[133],"serves":[134],"an":[136],"ordinality-aware,":[137],"data-driven":[138],"regularization":[139],"method":[140],"penalizes":[142],"incorrect":[144],"predictions":[145],"close":[150],"proximity":[151],"more":[156],"heavily":[157],"than":[158],"those":[159],"away":[160],"from":[161],"boundary":[163],"during":[164],"model":[165],"optimization.":[166],"By":[167],"incorporating":[168],"weighting":[170],"function,":[174],"aim":[176],"enhance":[178],"model's":[180],"learning":[181],"process":[182],"by":[183],"leveraging":[184],"characteristics":[187],"data,":[190],"thereby":[191],"improving":[192],"its":[193],"overall":[194],"performance.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-13T14:20:09.374765","created_date":"2026-03-12T00:00:00"}