{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2078308953","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icdim.2013.6694023","title":"A survey of automatic lip reading approaches","display_name":"A survey of automatic lip reading approaches","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2078308953","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icdim.2013.6694023","mag":"2078308953"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icdim.2013.6694023","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icdim.2013.6694023","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Eighth International Conference on Digital Information Management (ICDIM 2013)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027328025","display_name":"Waqqas ur Rehman Butt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0308-1638"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25217355","display_name":"University of Pavia","ror":"https://ror.org/00s6t1f81","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25217355"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Waqqas ur Rehman Butt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial and Information Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy","Dept. of Ind. & Inf. Eng., Univ. of Pavia, Pavia, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial and Information Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25217355"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Ind. & Inf. Eng., Univ. of Pavia, Pavia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25217355"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074866247","display_name":"Luca Lombardi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5457-7556"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25217355","display_name":"University of Pavia","ror":"https://ror.org/00s6t1f81","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25217355"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luca Lombardi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial and Information Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy","Dept. of Ind. & Inf. Eng., Univ. of Pavia, Pavia, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial and Information Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25217355"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Ind. & Inf. Eng., Univ. of Pavia, Pavia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25217355"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5027328025"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25217355"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3192,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.59048846,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"299","last_page":"302"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9818999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-markov-model","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","score":0.8106528520584106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8072544932365417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.6477583646774292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6363996267318726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.6222282648086548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading","display_name":"Reading (process)","score":0.5922751426696777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.5903793573379517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5154970288276672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.50422203540802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.46043509244918823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.4332418143749237}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.8106528520584106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8072544932365417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.6477583646774292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6363996267318726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.6222282648086548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.5922751426696777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.5903793573379517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5154970288276672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.50422203540802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.46043509244918823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.4332418143749237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icdim.2013.6694023","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icdim.2013.6694023","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Eighth International Conference on Digital Information Management (ICDIM 2013)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8799999952316284}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W8787219","https://openalex.org/W1514579074","https://openalex.org/W1551013612","https://openalex.org/W1560013842","https://openalex.org/W1863183817","https://openalex.org/W2002979515","https://openalex.org/W2038010270","https://openalex.org/W2095516890","https://openalex.org/W2121601095","https://openalex.org/W2125013164","https://openalex.org/W2151096985","https://openalex.org/W2152826865","https://openalex.org/W4298870604","https://openalex.org/W6600348148","https://openalex.org/W6843883022"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2053269318","https://openalex.org/W2364370872","https://openalex.org/W2097963413","https://openalex.org/W2025614924","https://openalex.org/W2294335174","https://openalex.org/W3145575561","https://openalex.org/W2098693229","https://openalex.org/W2132337154","https://openalex.org/W2384651879","https://openalex.org/W2985118265"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Current":[0],"era":[1],"is":[2,26,69,138,178],"to":[3,53],"make":[4,15],"the":[5,23,27,45,106,149,162,175,209],"interaction":[6],"between":[7],"humans":[8],"and":[9,14,18,48,68,75,98,120,155,158,169,187,195,201,220],"their":[10,196],"artificial":[11],"partners":[12],"(Computers)":[13],"communication":[16],"easier":[17],"more":[19],"reliable.":[20],"One":[21],"of":[22,29,40,116,129,171,183,212,218,222],"actual":[24],"tasks":[25],"use":[28],"vocal":[30],"interaction.":[31],"Speech":[32],"recognition":[33,67,210],"may":[34],"be":[35,190],"improved":[36,226],"by":[37,92,126,193],"visual":[38,150,214],"information":[39,160],"human":[41],"face.":[42],"In":[43,79,143,203],"literature,":[44],"lip":[46,55,88,164,219,227],"shape":[47,154],"its":[49],"movement":[50],"are":[51,198],"referred":[52],"as":[54],"reading.":[56,228],"Lip":[57,141,176],"reading":[58,89,165,177],"computing":[59],"plays":[60],"a":[61,130],"vital":[62],"role":[63],"in":[64,90],"automatic":[65,87,163],"speech":[66,77],"an":[70,225],"important":[71],"step":[72],"towards":[73,86,174],"accurate":[74],"robust":[76],"recognition.":[78,142],"this":[80,144,204],"paper":[81,205],"we":[82,146,206],"consider":[83,105],"our":[84],"approach":[85,137],"detail":[91],"using":[93],"Active":[94],"Appearance":[95],"Model":[96,101,135],"(AAM)":[97],"Hidden":[99,133],"Markov":[100,134],"(HMM).":[102],"Appearance-based":[103],"methods":[104],"raw":[107],"image":[108],"for":[109,114,140,224],"feature":[110,121],"extraction.":[111],"AAM":[112],"uses":[113],"detection":[115],"speaker's":[117,131],"face":[118],"features":[119,151,215],"points":[122],"from":[123],"faces":[124],"automatically":[125],"appearance":[127,156],"parameters":[128],"lips.":[132],"(HMM)":[136],"used":[139],"paper,":[145],"will":[147,189,207],"describe":[148],"based":[152],"on":[153],"descriptions":[157],"detailed":[159],"about":[161],"system.":[166],"Individual":[167],"characteristics":[168,194],"efficiency":[170,182],"both":[172,184],"approaches":[173,185],"also":[179],"discuss.":[180,202],"The":[181],"(AAM":[186],"HMM)":[188],"evaluated":[191],"individually":[192],"performances":[197],"then":[199],"compared":[200],"show":[208],"process":[211],"common":[213],"(i.e.":[216],"selection":[217],"extraction":[221],"movement)":[223]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
