{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2516116733","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icdec.2016.7563146","title":"An ontology for Western Saharan manuscripts","display_name":"An ontology for Western Saharan manuscripts","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2516116733","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icdec.2016.7563146","mag":"2516116733"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icdec.2016.7563146","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icdec.2016.7563146","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2016 International Conference on Digital Economy (ICDEc)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049658268","display_name":"Mohamed Lamine Diakit\u00e9","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-0906"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164586","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 des Sciences, de Technologie et de M\u00e9decine","ror":"https://ror.org/0594j9961","country_code":"MR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210164586"]}],"countries":["MR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Lamine Diakite","raw_affiliation_strings":["D\u00e9partement de Math\u00e9matiques et Informatique FST, USTM, Nouakchott, Mauritanie","DMI, USTM - D\u00e9partement de Math\u00e9matiques et Informatique, Universit\u00e9 des Sciences de Technologie et de M\u00e9decine, Nouakchott, Mauritanie (D\u00e9partement de Math\u00e9matiques et Informatique \r\nUniversit\u00e9 des Sciences, de Technologie et de M\u00e9decine, \r\nBP 880 \r\nNouakchott  - Mauritania)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"D\u00e9partement de Math\u00e9matiques et Informatique FST, USTM, Nouakchott, Mauritanie","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164586"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"DMI, USTM - D\u00e9partement de Math\u00e9matiques et Informatique, Universit\u00e9 des Sciences de Technologie et de M\u00e9decine, Nouakchott, Mauritanie (D\u00e9partement de Math\u00e9matiques et Informatique \r\nUniversit\u00e9 des Sciences, de Technologie et de M\u00e9decine, \r\nBP 880 \r\nNouakchott  - Mauritania)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164586"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110506997","display_name":"B\u00e9atrice Bouchou Markhoff","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110017253","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Tours","ror":"https://ror.org/02wwzvj46","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110017253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210139825","display_name":"Bases, Corpus, Langage","ror":"https://ror.org/03mmb0d82","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I201841394","https://openalex.org/I4210139825","https://openalex.org/I4210150854"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Beatrice Bouchou Markhoff","raw_affiliation_strings":["U. F. Rabelais de Tours Tours, Laboratoire d'Informatique, France","BDTLN - Bases de donn\u00e9es et traitement des langues naturelles (France)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U. F. Rabelais de Tours Tours, Laboratoire d'Informatique, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110017253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"BDTLN - Bases de donn\u00e9es et traitement des langues naturelles (France)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210139825"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052217042","display_name":"Atigh Ould Boubacar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165476","display_name":"Lebanese International University of Mauritania","ror":"https://ror.org/01ef2d351","country_code":"MR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210165476"]}],"countries":["MR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Atigh Ould Boubacar","raw_affiliation_strings":["D\u00e9partement Marketing Management, Universit\u00e9 Libanaise Internationale Nouakchott, Mauritanie","Universit\u00e9\u0301 Libanaise Internationale, Nouakchott (Mauritania)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"D\u00e9partement Marketing Management, Universit\u00e9 Libanaise Internationale Nouakchott, Mauritanie","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165476"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e9\u0301 Libanaise Internationale, Nouakchott (Mauritania)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165476"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"54","issue":null,"first_page":"60","last_page":"67"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10215","display_name":"Semantic Web and Ontologies","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10215","display_name":"Semantic Web and Ontologies","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.9804999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9118000268936157,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ontology","display_name":"Ontology","score":0.8844570517539978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7744871377944946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.629482626914978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-ontology","display_name":"Process ontology","score":0.5969095826148987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5668080449104309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.5574872493743896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upper-ontology","display_name":"Upper ontology","score":0.5459474921226501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ontology-based-data-integration","display_name":"Ontology-based data integration","score":0.5307433605194092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thesaurus","display_name":"Thesaurus","score":0.5085700750350952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/suggested-upper-merged-ontology","display_name":"Suggested Upper Merged Ontology","score":0.45708703994750977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.4391508996486664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ontology-alignment","display_name":"Ontology alignment","score":0.43682217597961426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.42560383677482605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.377157062292099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.2657846212387085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-web","display_name":"Semantic Web","score":0.15600615739822388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09610751271247864}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25810664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44325","display_name":"Ontology","level":2,"score":0.8844570517539978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7744871377944946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.629482626914978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137003198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7247296","display_name":"Process ontology","level":3,"score":0.5969095826148987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5668080449104309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.5574872493743896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78726541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3882785","display_name":"Upper ontology","level":3,"score":0.5459474921226501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22550185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7095047","display_name":"Ontology-based data integration","level":3,"score":0.5307433605194092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778698081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179797","display_name":"Thesaurus","level":2,"score":0.5085700750350952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50971890","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7635093","display_name":"Suggested Upper Merged Ontology","level":4,"score":0.45708703994750977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4391508996486664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98893333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4339878","display_name":"Ontology alignment","level":4,"score":0.43682217597961426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.42560383677482605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.377157062292099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.2657846212387085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2129575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q54837","display_name":"Semantic Web","level":2,"score":0.15600615739822388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09610751271247864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icdec.2016.7563146","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icdec.2016.7563146","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2016 International Conference on Digital Economy (ICDEc)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-01315275v1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-01315275","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ICDEc (International Conference On Digital Economy), Apr 2016, Carthage, Tunisia. &#x27E8;10.1109/ICDEC.2016.7563146&#x27E9;","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.5899999737739563}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W695700","https://openalex.org/W19387894","https://openalex.org/W624119609","https://openalex.org/W1483046884","https://openalex.org/W1620530708","https://openalex.org/W1845084463","https://openalex.org/W1999797504","https://openalex.org/W2003281413","https://openalex.org/W2005304556","https://openalex.org/W2013093146","https://openalex.org/W2027409555","https://openalex.org/W2074944495","https://openalex.org/W2091038662","https://openalex.org/W2093275091","https://openalex.org/W2102516547","https://openalex.org/W2109603406"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2732632690","https://openalex.org/W2028429940","https://openalex.org/W2015306306","https://openalex.org/W2464347310","https://openalex.org/W2363188691","https://openalex.org/W2150375996","https://openalex.org/W2765352056","https://openalex.org/W4248726527","https://openalex.org/W2375862234","https://openalex.org/W1977671906"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"more":[1],"efforts":[2],"are":[3],"performed":[4],"to":[5,18,21,36,38,81],"digitize":[6],"Western":[7],"Saharan":[8],"manuscripts,":[9],"for":[10,42],"preserving":[11],"the":[12,16,34,62,65,73],"memory":[13],"they":[14],"represent,":[15],"need":[17],"be":[19,99],"able":[20],"work":[22],"on":[23],"these":[24,46],"digitized":[25],"materials":[26],"naturally":[27],"grows.":[28],"Beyond":[29],"cataloguing,":[30],"an":[31,54],"ontology":[32,55],"is":[33],"basis":[35],"provide":[37],"researchers":[39],"new":[40],"tools":[41],"retrieving":[43],"and":[44,64,78],"integrating":[45],"knowledge":[47],"sources.":[48],"In":[49],"this":[50],"paper,":[51],"we":[52,68],"present":[53],"describing":[56],"West-Saharan":[57],"manuscripts.":[58],"We":[59],"first":[60],"precise":[61],"domain":[63],"purposes,":[66],"then":[67],"illustrate":[69],"each":[70],"step":[71],"of":[72],"ontology's":[74],"building,":[75],"from":[76,92],"experts":[77],"local":[79],"resources":[80],"its":[82,89],"alignment":[83],"with":[84],"well-established":[85],"reference":[86],"ontologies,":[87],"including":[88],"automatic":[90],"enrichment":[91],"existing":[93],"thesaurus.":[94],"This":[95],"incremental":[96],"process":[97],"may":[98],"reused":[100],"in":[101],"other":[102],"projects.":[103]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
