{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2030062409","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icde.2013.6544812","title":"The adaptive radix tree: ARTful indexing for main-memory databases","display_name":"The adaptive radix tree: ARTful indexing for main-memory databases","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2030062409","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icde.2013.6544812","mag":"2030062409"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icde.2013.6544812","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icde.2013.6544812","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2013 IEEE 29th International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046213289","display_name":"Viktor Leis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5676-8017"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"V. Leis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fakult\u00e4t f\u00fcr Informatik, Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Garching, Germany","Fak. fur Inf., Tech. Univ. Munchen, Garching, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fakult\u00e4t f\u00fcr Informatik, Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Garching, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fak. fur Inf., Tech. Univ. Munchen, Garching, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105817801","display_name":"Alfons Kemper","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9066-271X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alfons Kemper","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fakult\u00e4t f\u00fcr Informatik, Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Garching, Germany","Fak. fur Inf., Tech. Univ. Munchen, Garching, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fakult\u00e4t f\u00fcr Informatik, Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Garching, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fak. fur Inf., Tech. Univ. Munchen, Garching, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101880157","display_name":"Thomas Neumann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5787-142X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T. Neumann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fakult\u00e4t f\u00fcr Informatik, Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Garching, Germany","Fak. fur Inf., Tech. Univ. Munchen, Garching, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fakult\u00e4t f\u00fcr Informatik, Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Garching, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fak. fur Inf., Tech. Univ. Munchen, Garching, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5046213289"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":29.1598,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":411,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99661326,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"38","last_page":"49"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10317","display_name":"Advanced Database Systems and Queries","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11106","display_name":"Data Management and Algorithms","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.826058566570282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trie","display_name":"Trie","score":0.7806957960128784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/search-engine-indexing","display_name":"Search engine indexing","score":0.6478593349456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-structure","display_name":"Data structure","score":0.6163641214370728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hash-function","display_name":"Hash function","score":0.5908255577087402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/auxiliary-memory","display_name":"Auxiliary memory","score":0.5534866452217102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bottleneck","display_name":"Bottleneck","score":0.5427539348602295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hash-table","display_name":"Hash table","score":0.5425264835357666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.49814486503601074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memory-management","display_name":"Memory management","score":0.4841966927051544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linked-list","display_name":"Linked list","score":0.4605623185634613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ternary-search-tree","display_name":"Ternary search tree","score":0.4579455256462097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database-index","display_name":"Database index","score":0.41101136803627014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3838242292404175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree-structure","display_name":"Tree structure","score":0.37792354822158813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.22650697827339172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.20794039964675903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semiconductor-memory","display_name":"Semiconductor memory","score":0.20421525835990906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interval-tree","display_name":"Interval tree","score":0.15466603636741638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.13440477848052979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.108661949634552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.08609530329704285}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.826058566570282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190290938","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q387015","display_name":"Trie","level":3,"score":0.7806957960128784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75165309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2258979","display_name":"Search engine indexing","level":2,"score":0.6478593349456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162319229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175263","display_name":"Data structure","level":2,"score":0.6163641214370728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99138194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183427","display_name":"Hash function","level":2,"score":0.5908255577087402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82687282","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q66221","display_name":"Auxiliary memory","level":2,"score":0.5534866452217102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780513914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18210350","display_name":"Bottleneck","level":2,"score":0.5427539348602295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67388219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207440","display_name":"Hash table","level":3,"score":0.5425264835357666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.49814486503601074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176649486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2308807","display_name":"Memory management","level":3,"score":0.4841966927051544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146101286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7003418","display_name":"Linked list","level":2,"score":0.4605623185634613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136519935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859802","display_name":"Ternary search tree","level":5,"score":0.4579455256462097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59276292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580427","display_name":"Database index","level":3,"score":0.41101136803627014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3838242292404175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163797641","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2067937","display_name":"Tree structure","level":3,"score":0.37792354822158813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.22650697827339172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.20794039964675903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98986596","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143031","display_name":"Semiconductor memory","level":2,"score":0.20421525835990906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84927040","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6057306","display_name":"Interval tree","level":4,"score":0.15466603636741638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.13440477848052979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.108661949634552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.08609530329704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icde.2013.6544812","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icde.2013.6544812","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2013 IEEE 29th International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.674.248","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.674.248","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www-db.in.tum.de/%7Eleis/papers/ART.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W100509257","https://openalex.org/W114679201","https://openalex.org/W1539221976","https://openalex.org/W1598618182","https://openalex.org/W1600795850","https://openalex.org/W1969877208","https://openalex.org/W1972027649","https://openalex.org/W1974796034","https://openalex.org/W1991780427","https://openalex.org/W2016995838","https://openalex.org/W2021615496","https://openalex.org/W2052424404","https://openalex.org/W2063319420","https://openalex.org/W2071225564","https://openalex.org/W2073216502","https://openalex.org/W2091459966","https://openalex.org/W2097904740","https://openalex.org/W2102729946","https://openalex.org/W2106771621","https://openalex.org/W2137077706","https://openalex.org/W2151224499","https://openalex.org/W2155070484","https://openalex.org/W2155512447","https://openalex.org/W2160404300","https://openalex.org/W2161694911","https://openalex.org/W2337480916","https://openalex.org/W2752853835","https://openalex.org/W4205806386","https://openalex.org/W6635900049","https://openalex.org/W6636070404","https://openalex.org/W6680344385"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1997112896","https://openalex.org/W2428232282","https://openalex.org/W4294611378","https://openalex.org/W2161081860","https://openalex.org/W2566047714","https://openalex.org/W4319999473","https://openalex.org/W2487079816","https://openalex.org/W4200161726","https://openalex.org/W2610175560","https://openalex.org/W2030062409"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Main":[0],"memory":[1],"capacities":[2],"have":[3],"grown":[4],"up":[5],"to":[6,140],"a":[7,23],"point":[8,62],"where":[9],"most":[10,120],"databases":[11],"fit":[12],"into":[13],"RAM.":[14],"For":[15],"main-memory":[16,55],"database":[17],"systems,":[18],"index":[19],"structure":[20],"performance":[21,84,137],"is":[22,105,138],"critical":[24],"bottleneck.":[25],"Traditional":[26],"in-memory":[27],"data":[28,129,146],"structures":[29,130],"like":[30,154],"balanced":[31],"binary":[32],"search":[33,89],"trees":[34],"are":[35,57],"not":[36,44],"efficient":[37,77,94,108,128],"on":[38],"modern":[39],"hardware,":[40],"because":[41],"they":[42],"do":[43],"optimally":[45],"utilize":[46],"on-CPU":[47],"caches.":[48],"Hash":[49],"tables,":[50,142],"also":[51],"often":[52],"used":[53],"for":[54,76,131],"indexes,":[56],"fast":[58],"but":[59],"only":[60],"support":[61],"queries.":[63],"To":[64],"overcome":[65],"these":[66],"shortcomings,":[67],"we":[68],"present":[69],"ART,":[70],"an":[71],"adaptive":[72],"radix":[73,121],"tree":[74],"(trie)":[75],"indexing":[78],"in":[79,147],"main":[80],"memory.":[81],"Its":[82],"lookup":[83],"surpasses":[85],"highly":[86],"tuned,":[87],"read-only":[88],"trees,":[90,122],"while":[91],"supporting":[92],"very":[93,106],"insertions":[95],"and":[96,109,127,157],"deletions":[97],"as":[98],"well.":[99],"At":[100],"the":[101,111,145],"same":[102],"time,":[103],"ART":[104],"space":[107,116],"solves":[110],"problem":[112],"of":[113],"excessive":[114],"worst-case":[115],"consumption,":[117],"which":[118,150],"plagues":[119],"by":[123],"adaptively":[124],"choosing":[125],"compact":[126],"internal":[132],"nodes.":[133],"Even":[134],"though":[135],"ART's":[136],"comparable":[139],"hash":[141],"it":[143],"maintains":[144],"sorted":[148],"order,":[149],"enables":[151],"additional":[152],"operations":[153],"range":[155],"scan":[156],"prefix":[158],"lookup.":[159]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":47},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":47},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":45},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":39},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-15T08:11:43.952461","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}