{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3202199461","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icdcs51616.2021.00064","title":"Blockumulus: A Scalable Framework for Smart Contracts on the Cloud","display_name":"Blockumulus: A Scalable Framework for Smart Contracts on the Cloud","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3202199461","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icdcs51616.2021.00064","mag":"3202199461"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icdcs51616.2021.00064","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icdcs51616.2021.00064","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE 41st International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://repository.lsu.edu/eecs_pubs/2742","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085356579","display_name":"Nikolay Ivanov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2325-2847"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nikolay Ivanov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science & Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science & Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084076598","display_name":"Qiben Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0551-2163"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiben Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science & Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science & Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100776173","display_name":"Qingyang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5729-2898"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121820613","display_name":"Louisiana State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ect4e57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121820613"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingyang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science & Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science & Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121820613"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5085356579"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2032,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89983423,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"2017","issue":null,"first_page":"607","last_page":"617"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11995","display_name":"FinTech, Crowdfunding, Digital Finance","score":0.9789000153541565,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":0.9725000262260437,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.8160588145256042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8057446479797363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.6037322282791138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.5590692758560181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4778832495212555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database-transaction","display_name":"Database transaction","score":0.4728330075740814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.449695885181427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-contract","display_name":"Smart contract","score":0.42460840940475464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.23128899931907654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.14317560195922852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.09054374694824219}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.8160588145256042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8057446479797363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.6037322282791138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.5590692758560181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4778832495212555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75949130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848010","display_name":"Database transaction","level":2,"score":0.4728330075740814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.449695885181427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779950589","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7544035","display_name":"Smart contract","level":3,"score":0.42460840940475464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.23128899931907654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.14317560195922852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.09054374694824219}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icdcs51616.2021.00064","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icdcs51616.2021.00064","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE 41st International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.lsu.edu:eecs_pubs-3744","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.lsu.edu/eecs_pubs/2742","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169993","display_name":"Civil War Book Review","issn_l":"1528-6592","issn":["1528-6592"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315936","host_organization_name":"Louisiana State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315936"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Louisiana State University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Faculty Publications","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.lsu.edu:eecs_pubs-3744","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.lsu.edu/eecs_pubs/2742","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169993","display_name":"Civil War Book Review","issn_l":"1528-6592","issn":["1528-6592"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315936","host_organization_name":"Louisiana State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315936"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Louisiana State University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Faculty Publications","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2711808722","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS1950171,CNS1949753,CNS2000681","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1823612513","https://openalex.org/W2057248704","https://openalex.org/W2584364557","https://openalex.org/W2739579064","https://openalex.org/W2739845435","https://openalex.org/W2763398287","https://openalex.org/W2793340176","https://openalex.org/W2794332692","https://openalex.org/W2794533297","https://openalex.org/W2797481382","https://openalex.org/W2801726488","https://openalex.org/W2804203513","https://openalex.org/W2888947553","https://openalex.org/W2897676665","https://openalex.org/W2917183287","https://openalex.org/W2953719570","https://openalex.org/W2962765614","https://openalex.org/W2982117380","https://openalex.org/W2982520874","https://openalex.org/W3000385461","https://openalex.org/W3012143974","https://openalex.org/W3015292646","https://openalex.org/W3015450389","https://openalex.org/W3030538593","https://openalex.org/W3102661748","https://openalex.org/W3113006474","https://openalex.org/W3164834272","https://openalex.org/W4214758007","https://openalex.org/W4300127641","https://openalex.org/W4405432346","https://openalex.org/W6733166632","https://openalex.org/W6741725502","https://openalex.org/W6741928516","https://openalex.org/W6753628087","https://openalex.org/W6759625968","https://openalex.org/W6787256594","https://openalex.org/W6794670210"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4244478748","https://openalex.org/W3150465815","https://openalex.org/W4401075441","https://openalex.org/W4293653209","https://openalex.org/W3090326592","https://openalex.org/W4292566855","https://openalex.org/W4236848438","https://openalex.org/W4247269287","https://openalex.org/W4383898246","https://openalex.org/W3115304877"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Public":[0],"blockchains":[1,20,38],"have":[2,87],"spurred":[3],"the":[4,15,25,51,61,105,120,142,217,238,245,260],"growing":[5],"popularity":[6],"of":[7,65,104,144,158,241,263],"decentralized":[8,145,185],"transactions":[9,251],"and":[10,30,42,63,80,111,212,221,231],"smart":[11,146,175,187],"contracts,":[12],"especially":[13],"on":[14,24,257],"financial":[16],"market.":[17],"However,":[18,84],"public":[19,37,124],"exhibit":[21],"their":[22,95,128],"limitations":[23],"transaction":[26,35,54,108,213,227],"throughput,":[27,109],"storage":[28,222],"availability,":[29],"compute":[31,112],"capacity.":[32,113],"To":[33],"avoid":[34],"gridlock,":[36],"impose":[39],"large":[40],"fees":[41],"per-block":[43],"resource":[44],"limits,":[45],"making":[46],"it":[47],"difficult":[48],"to":[49,59,94,123,160,167,247],"accommodate":[50],"ever-growing":[52],"high":[53],"demand.":[55],"Previous":[56],"research":[57],"endeavors":[58],"improve":[60],"scalability":[62,106,126],"performance":[64],"blockchain":[66,125,162],"through":[67],"various":[68],"technologies,":[69],"such":[70],"as":[71],"side-chaining,":[72],"sharding,":[73],"secured":[74],"off-chain":[75],"computation,":[76,209],"communication":[77],"network":[78,139],"optimizations,":[79],"efficient":[81],"consensus":[82],"protocols.":[83],"these":[85],"approaches":[86],"not":[88],"attained":[89],"a":[90,99,137,150,180,191,226],"widespread":[91],"adoption":[92],"due":[93],"inability":[96],"in":[97,102,107,205],"delivering":[98],"cloud-like":[100],"performance,":[101],"terms":[103],"storage,":[110,211],"In":[114],"this":[115],"work,":[116],"we":[117,164,199],"determine":[118],"that":[119,136,182,201],"major":[121],"obstacle":[122],"is":[127,203,256],"underlying":[129],"unstructured":[130],"P2P":[131],"networks.":[132],"We":[133,148,177],"further":[134],"show":[135],"centralized":[138],"can":[140,183],"support":[141],"deployment":[143],"contracts.":[147],"propose":[149],"novel":[151,192],"approach":[152],"for":[153],"achieving":[154],"scalable":[155,169,204],"decentralization:":[156],"instead":[157],"trying":[159],"make":[161],"scalable,":[163],"deliver":[165],"decentralization":[166],"already":[168],"cloud":[170,186],"by":[171],"using":[172,190],"an":[173],"Ethereum":[174],"contract.":[176],"introduce":[178],"Blockumulus,":[179],"framework":[181],"deploy":[184],"contract":[188],"environments":[189],"technique":[193],"called":[194],"overlay":[195],"consensus.":[196],"Through":[197],"experiments,":[198],"demonstrate":[200],"Blockumulus":[202,224],"all":[206],"three":[207],"dimensions:":[208],"data":[210],"throughput.":[214],"Besides":[215],"eliminating":[216],"current":[218],"code":[219],"execution":[220],"restrictions,":[223],"delivers":[225],"latency":[228],"between":[229],"2":[230],"5":[232],"seconds":[233],"under":[234,252],"normal":[235],"load.":[236],"Moreover,":[237],"stress":[239],"test":[240],"our":[242],"prototype":[243],"reveals":[244],"ability":[246],"execute":[248],"20,000":[249],"simultaneous":[250],"26":[253],"seconds,":[254],"which":[255],"par":[258],"with":[259],"average":[261],"throughput":[262],"worldwide":[264],"credit":[265],"card":[266],"transactions.":[267]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
