{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2098204428","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icdar.2015.7333827","title":"A Conditional Random Field model for font forgery detection","display_name":"A Conditional Random Field model for font forgery detection","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2098204428","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icdar.2015.7333827","mag":"2098204428"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icdar.2015.7333827","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icdar.2015.7333827","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 13th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://hal.science/hal-01342658","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039389180","display_name":"Romain Bertrand","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78744979","display_name":"La Rochelle Universit\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/04mv1z119","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78744979"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Romain Bertrand","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universite de La Rochelle, La Rochelle, Aquitaine-Limousin-Poitou, FR","Laboratory L3i, University of La Rochelle, Avenue Michel Cr\u00e9peau, 17042, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universite de La Rochelle, La Rochelle, Aquitaine-Limousin-Poitou, FR","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78744979"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory L3i, University of La Rochelle, Avenue Michel Cr\u00e9peau, 17042, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78744979"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086630503","display_name":"Oriol Ramos Terrades","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3333-8812"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123044942","display_name":"Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona","ror":"https://ror.org/052g8jq94","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123044942"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oriol Ramos Terrades","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalunya, ES","Computer Science Dep., Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, Computer Vision Center (CVC), Edifici 0, campus UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalunya, ES","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123044942"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Dep., Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, Computer Vision Center (CVC), Edifici 0, campus UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123044942"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086823570","display_name":"Petra Gomez\u2010Kr\u00e4mer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5515-7828"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78744979","display_name":"La Rochelle Universit\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/04mv1z119","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78744979"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Petra Gomez-Kramer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universite de La Rochelle, La Rochelle, Aquitaine-Limousin-Poitou, FR","Laboratory L3i, University of La Rochelle, Avenue Michel Cr\u00e9peau, 17042, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universite de La Rochelle, La Rochelle, Aquitaine-Limousin-Poitou, FR","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78744979"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory L3i, University of La Rochelle, Avenue Michel Cr\u00e9peau, 17042, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78744979"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088033217","display_name":"Patrick Franco","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3566-1429"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78744979","display_name":"La Rochelle Universit\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/04mv1z119","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78744979"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick Franco","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universite de La Rochelle, La Rochelle, Aquitaine-Limousin-Poitou, FR","Laboratory L3i, University of La Rochelle, Avenue Michel Cr\u00e9peau, 17042, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universite de La Rochelle, La Rochelle, Aquitaine-Limousin-Poitou, FR","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78744979"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory L3i, University of La Rochelle, Avenue Michel Cr\u00e9peau, 17042, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78744979"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051777602","display_name":"Jean-Marc Ogier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5666-475X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78744979","display_name":"La Rochelle Universit\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/04mv1z119","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78744979"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jean-Marc Ogier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universite de La Rochelle, La Rochelle, Aquitaine-Limousin-Poitou, FR","Laboratory L3i, University of La Rochelle, Avenue Michel Cr\u00e9peau, 17042, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universite de La Rochelle, La Rochelle, Aquitaine-Limousin-Poitou, FR","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78744979"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory L3i, University of La Rochelle, Avenue Michel Cr\u00e9peau, 17042, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78744979"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5039389180"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78744979"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9343,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82437519,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"576","last_page":"580"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.978600025177002,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12034","display_name":"Digital and Cyber Forensics","score":0.9474999904632568,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/font","display_name":"Font","score":0.9652061462402344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7409016489982605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","score":0.7305713295936584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conditional-random-field","display_name":"Conditional random field","score":0.6441529393196106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5117194652557373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.5024304389953613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.48371177911758423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/toolbox","display_name":"Toolbox","score":0.47841009497642517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.4737865626811981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subject","display_name":"Subject (documents)","score":0.4642532467842102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character-encoding","display_name":"Character encoding","score":0.4570707082748413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.37898528575897217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.10942339897155762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08968022465705872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.08160790801048279}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777737414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4868296","display_name":"Font","level":2,"score":0.9652061462402344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7409016489982605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780861071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062934","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.7305713295936584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152565575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1124538","display_name":"Conditional random field","level":2,"score":0.6441529393196106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5117194652557373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5024304389953613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.48371177911758423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777655017","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501161","display_name":"Toolbox","level":2,"score":0.47841009497642517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4737865626811981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777855551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12310021","display_name":"Subject (documents)","level":2,"score":0.4642532467842102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32717103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184759","display_name":"Character encoding","level":3,"score":0.4570707082748413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.37898528575897217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.10942339897155762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08968022465705872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.08160790801048279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icdar.2015.7333827","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icdar.2015.7333827","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 13th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-01342658v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-01342658","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"13th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR), Aug 2015, Nancy, France. pp.576 - 580, &#x27E8;10.1109/ICDAR.2015.7333827&#x27E9;","raw_type":"Conference papers"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-01342658v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-01342658","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"13th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR), Aug 2015, Nancy, France. pp.576 - 580, &#x27E8;10.1109/ICDAR.2015.7333827&#x27E9;","raw_type":"Conference papers"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.8100000023841858,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1491922060","https://openalex.org/W1997127867","https://openalex.org/W2074940887","https://openalex.org/W2078296418","https://openalex.org/W2113723031","https://openalex.org/W2129999749","https://openalex.org/W2165553585","https://openalex.org/W4206192903"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1982751266","https://openalex.org/W2392408175","https://openalex.org/W2348986542","https://openalex.org/W2382621801","https://openalex.org/W2391063066","https://openalex.org/W2358011378","https://openalex.org/W2390055423","https://openalex.org/W2407214014","https://openalex.org/W2030558328","https://openalex.org/W1566709417"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Nowadays,":[0],"document":[1,102,116,135,146,169],"forgery":[2,62,83,136,164],"is":[3,75,84,189,204],"becoming":[4],"a":[5,41,71,92,131,145,177,182,186,198,207,210,220],"real":[6],"issue.":[7],"A":[8],"large":[9],"amount":[10],"of":[11,30,33,38,73,138,179,226],"documents":[12,46],"that":[13,181],"contain":[14],"critical":[15],"information":[16,99],"as":[17,206],"payment":[18],"slips,":[19],"invoices":[20],"or":[21,97,107,142,209],"contracts,":[22],"are":[23,121],"constantly":[24],"subject":[25],"to":[26,43,59,66,95,133,185,197,217,219],"fraudster":[27,67,89],"manipulation":[28],"because":[29],"the":[31,79,88,101,105,118,173,193,202,227],"lack":[32],"security":[34],"regarding":[35],"this":[36,155,160],"kind":[37],"document.":[39],"Previously,":[40],"system":[42],"detect":[44,134],"fraudulent":[45],"based":[47,167],"on":[48,168],"its":[49,215],"intrinsic":[50],"features":[51,196],"has":[52],"been":[53],"presented.":[54],"It":[55],"was":[56],"especially":[57],"designed":[58],"retrieve":[60],"copy-move":[61,82],"and":[63,111],"imperfection":[64],"due":[65],"manipulation.":[68],"However,":[69],"when":[70],"set":[72],"characters":[74,113],"not":[76,85],"present":[77,158],"in":[78,100,126,144,159],"original":[80],"document,":[81],"feasible.":[86],"Hence,":[87],"will":[90,109],"use":[91],"text":[93],"toolbox":[94],"add":[96],"modify":[98],"by":[103,191,213],"imitating":[104],"font":[106,119,127,148,170,188,195,222],"he":[108],"cut":[110],"paste":[112],"from":[114,151],"another":[115],"where":[117],"properties":[120,149],"similar.":[122],"This":[123],"often":[124],"results":[125],"type":[128,223],"errors.":[129],"Thus,":[130],"clue":[132],"consists":[137],"finding":[139],"characters,":[140],"words":[141],"sentences":[143],"with":[147,224],"different":[150],"their":[152],"surroundings.":[153],"To":[154],"end,":[156],"we":[157],"paper":[161],"an":[162],"automatic":[163],"detection":[165],"method":[166],"features.":[171],"Using":[172],"Conditional":[174],"Random":[175],"Field":[176],"measurement":[178],"probability":[180,216],"character":[183,194,203],"belongs":[184],"specific":[187],"made":[190],"comparing":[192,214],"knowledge":[199],"database.":[200],"Then,":[201],"classified":[205],"genuine":[208],"fake":[211],"one":[212],"belong":[218],"certain":[221],"those":[225],"neighboring":[228],"characters.":[229]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-10T16:38:18.471706","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
