{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2164372891","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icdar.2015.7333779","title":"Isolated character recognition using projections of oriented gradients","display_name":"Isolated character recognition using projections of oriented gradients","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2164372891","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icdar.2015.7333779","mag":"2164372891"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icdar.2015.7333779","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icdar.2015.7333779","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 13th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021130742","display_name":"George Retsinas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6734-3575"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174458059","display_name":"National Technical University of Athens","ror":"https://ror.org/03cx6bg69","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174458059"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203474044","display_name":"National Centre of Scientific Research \"Demokritos\"","ror":"https://ror.org/038jp4m40","country_code":"GR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203474044"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"George Retsinas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computational Intelligence Laboratory, National Center for Scientific Research \u201cDemokritos\u201d, Athens, Greece","School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece","Computational Intelligence Laboratory, National Center for Scientific Research \"Demokritos\", Athens, Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computational Intelligence Laboratory, National Center for Scientific Research \u201cDemokritos\u201d, Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203474044"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174458059"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computational Intelligence Laboratory, National Center for Scientific Research \"Demokritos\", Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203474044"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006291450","display_name":"Basilis Gatos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9873-0826"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203474044","display_name":"National Centre of Scientific Research \"Demokritos\"","ror":"https://ror.org/038jp4m40","country_code":"GR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203474044"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Basilis Gatos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computational Intelligence Laboratory, National Center for Scientific Research \u201cDemokritos\u201d, Athens, Greece","Computational Intelligence Laboratory, National Center for Scientific Research \"Demokritos\", Athens, Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computational Intelligence Laboratory, National Center for Scientific Research \u201cDemokritos\u201d, Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203474044"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computational Intelligence Laboratory, National Center for Scientific Research \"Demokritos\", Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203474044"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031191307","display_name":"Nikolaos Stamatopoulos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8785-5156"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203474044","display_name":"National Centre of Scientific Research \"Demokritos\"","ror":"https://ror.org/038jp4m40","country_code":"GR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203474044"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nikolaos Stamatopoulos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computational Intelligence Laboratory, National Center for Scientific Research \u201cDemokritos\u201d, Athens, Greece","Computational Intelligence Laboratory, National Center for Scientific Research \"Demokritos\", Athens, Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computational Intelligence Laboratory, National Center for Scientific Research \u201cDemokritos\u201d, Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203474044"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computational Intelligence Laboratory, National Center for Scientific Research \"Demokritos\", Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203474044"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057141895","display_name":"Georgios Louloudis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4127-3796"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203474044","display_name":"National Centre of Scientific Research \"Demokritos\"","ror":"https://ror.org/038jp4m40","country_code":"GR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203474044"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Georgios Louloudis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computational Intelligence Laboratory, National Center for Scientific Research \u201cDemokritos\u201d, Athens, Greece","Computational Intelligence Laboratory, National Center for Scientific Research \"Demokritos\", Athens, Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computational Intelligence Laboratory, National Center for Scientific Research \u201cDemokritos\u201d, Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203474044"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computational Intelligence Laboratory, National Center for Scientific Research \"Demokritos\", Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203474044"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3744,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69199974,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"336","last_page":"340"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radon-transform","display_name":"Radon transform","score":0.7502360343933105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","score":0.7431375980377197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.7010263204574585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7006652355194092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.6954299211502075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6793748140335083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6361346244812012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/projection","display_name":"Projection (relational algebra)","score":0.5932284593582153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5535866022109985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.5277659893035889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5081701278686523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character-recognition","display_name":"Character recognition","score":0.4358443021774292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/line","display_name":"Line (geometry)","score":0.41114088892936707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4040113687515259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.17184573411941528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.1326778531074524}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197231052","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q979829","display_name":"Radon transform","level":2,"score":0.7502360343933105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780861071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062934","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.7431375980377197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.7010263204574585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7006652355194092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.6954299211502075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6793748140335083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6361346244812012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57493831","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3134666","display_name":"Projection (relational algebra)","level":2,"score":0.5932284593582153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5535866022109985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5277659893035889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5081701278686523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987247673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167555","display_name":"Character recognition","level":3,"score":0.4358443021774292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198352243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37105","display_name":"Line (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.41114088892936707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4040113687515259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.17184573411941528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.1326778531074524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icdar.2015.7333779","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icdar.2015.7333779","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 13th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.705.5611","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.705.5611","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://users.iit.demokritos.gr/%7Enstam/page_files/ICDAR_2015_Retsinas.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2030882536","https://openalex.org/W2071887232","https://openalex.org/W2077151522","https://openalex.org/W2100659887","https://openalex.org/W2109833833","https://openalex.org/W2118376687","https://openalex.org/W2119821739","https://openalex.org/W2126235919","https://openalex.org/W2128318879","https://openalex.org/W2139890692","https://openalex.org/W2161969291","https://openalex.org/W2164066887","https://openalex.org/W2169894018","https://openalex.org/W2303931467","https://openalex.org/W4239510810","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6678676519"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2090763504","https://openalex.org/W4231936369","https://openalex.org/W967573802","https://openalex.org/W148178222","https://openalex.org/W2104657898","https://openalex.org/W3103782609","https://openalex.org/W1948992892","https://openalex.org/W1886884218","https://openalex.org/W2466075600","https://openalex.org/W2294301082"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3],"present":[4],"a":[5,21,37],"new":[6],"approach":[7],"for":[8],"off-line":[9],"isolated":[10],"character":[11],"recognition.":[12],"The":[13,61],"proposed":[14,62,92],"method":[15,63,93],"relies":[16],"upon":[17],"the":[18,28,33,48,52,88,91],"application":[19],"of":[20,39,47,90],"projection-based":[22],"feature":[23],"extraction":[24],"stage,":[25,54],"which":[26],"resembles":[27],"Radon":[29],"transform,":[30],"on":[31],"both":[32],"original":[34,49],"image":[35],"and":[36,73],"set":[38],"generated":[40],"images":[41],"corresponding":[42],"to":[43,95],"different":[44],"gradient":[45],"orientations":[46],"image.":[50],"For":[51],"classification":[53],"Support":[55],"Vectors":[56],"Machines":[57],"(SVM)":[58],"are":[59],"used.":[60],"is":[64],"evaluated":[65],"using":[66],"one":[67],"typewritten":[68],"(GRPOLY-DB":[69],"-":[70,77,80],"Historical":[71],"Greek)":[72],"two":[74],"handwritten":[75],"(CIL":[76],"Greek,":[78],"CEDAR":[79],"English)":[81],"publicly":[82],"available":[83],"databases.":[84],"Experimental":[85],"results":[86],"prove":[87],"efficiency":[89],"compared":[94],"several":[96],"state-of-the-art":[97],"techniques.":[98]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
