{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2113538155","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icdar.2007.4378690","title":"HMM-Based Recognizer with Segmentation-free Strategy for Unconstrained Chinese Handwritten Text","display_name":"HMM-Based Recognizer with Segmentation-free Strategy for Unconstrained Chinese Handwritten Text","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2113538155","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icdar.2007.4378690","mag":"2113538155"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icdar.2007.4378690","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icdar.2007.4378690","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210215987","display_name":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition","issn_l":"1520-5363","issn":["1520-5363","2379-2140"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ninth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR 2007)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033324841","display_name":"Tonghua Su","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8869-1664"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"T.-H. Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082458788","display_name":"Tianwen Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T.-W. Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111719830","display_name":"Han-Sheng Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H.-J. Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016175345","display_name":"Yu Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4188-9953"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Y. Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033324841"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.6345,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89224629,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"133","last_page":"137"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14339","display_name":"Image Processing and 3D Reconstruction","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-markov-model","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","score":0.8414891958236694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8131355047225952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.7047367095947266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/viterbi-algorithm","display_name":"Viterbi algorithm","score":0.6772018074989319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.6595141291618347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.6290638446807861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6157503128051758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6135773658752441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","score":0.5115852952003479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.47843459248542786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handwriting-recognition","display_name":"Handwriting recognition","score":0.44217023253440857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/string","display_name":"String (physics)","score":0.43332964181900024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximum-a-posteriori-estimation","display_name":"Maximum a posteriori estimation","score":0.4136011302471161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.3602573871612549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08751034736633301}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.8414891958236694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8131355047225952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.7047367095947266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60582962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83886","display_name":"Viterbi algorithm","level":3,"score":0.6772018074989319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.6595141291618347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.6290638446807861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6157503128051758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6135773658752441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780861071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062934","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5115852952003479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.47843459248542786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112640561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2440634","display_name":"Handwriting recognition","level":3,"score":0.44217023253440857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157486923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1376436","display_name":"String (physics)","level":2,"score":0.43332964181900024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9810830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q635384","display_name":"Maximum a posteriori estimation","level":3,"score":0.4136011302471161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.3602573871612549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08751034736633301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49781872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1045555","display_name":"Maximum likelihood","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37914503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156495","display_name":"Mathematical physics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icdar.2007.4378690","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icdar.2007.4378690","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210215987","display_name":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition","issn_l":"1520-5363","issn":["1520-5363","2379-2140"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ninth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR 2007)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.699999988079071,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1975446127","https://openalex.org/W1994615285","https://openalex.org/W2002061894","https://openalex.org/W2019999160","https://openalex.org/W2029189646","https://openalex.org/W2050036944","https://openalex.org/W2052425822","https://openalex.org/W2078680506","https://openalex.org/W2092858021","https://openalex.org/W2103198836","https://openalex.org/W2125201672","https://openalex.org/W2125838338","https://openalex.org/W2148670222","https://openalex.org/W2149319679","https://openalex.org/W2168868236","https://openalex.org/W2171915408","https://openalex.org/W2793060191","https://openalex.org/W2795739367","https://openalex.org/W4247784693","https://openalex.org/W4255234640","https://openalex.org/W4292890447","https://openalex.org/W6675427106","https://openalex.org/W6685082778","https://openalex.org/W6749547383"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2136652457","https://openalex.org/W2169849734","https://openalex.org/W2167155152","https://openalex.org/W2116722627","https://openalex.org/W2129150969","https://openalex.org/W2236912844","https://openalex.org/W1975869217","https://openalex.org/W2401728283","https://openalex.org/W2383829109","https://openalex.org/W2146049072"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"segmentation-free":[1],"strategy":[2],"based":[3],"on":[4,68],"hidden":[5],"Markov":[6],"models":[7],"(HMMs)":[8],"is":[9,36,46,60],"presented":[10],"for":[11],"offline":[12],"recognition":[13],"of":[14],"unconstrained":[15],"Chinese":[16],"handwriting.":[17],"As":[18],"the":[19,57,69,106,111,121,126],"first":[20],"step,":[21],"handwritten":[22],"textlines":[23],"are":[24,66],"converted":[25],"to":[26,39,48,104],"observation":[27],"sequence":[28],"by":[29,73,123],"sliding":[30],"windows":[31],"and":[32,98,101],"character":[33,50,54],"segmentation":[34],"stage":[35],"avoided":[37],"prior":[38],"recognition.":[40],"Following":[41],"that,":[42],"embedded":[43],"Baum-Welch":[44],"algorithm":[45],"adopted":[47],"train":[49],"HMMs.":[51],"Finally,":[52],"best":[53],"string":[55],"maximizing":[56],"a":[58],"posteriori":[59],"located":[61],"through":[62],"Viterbi":[63],"algorithm.":[64],"Experiments":[65],"conducted":[67],"HIT-MW":[70],"database":[71],"written":[72],"more":[74,95],"than":[75,125],"780":[76],"writers.":[77],"The":[78,116],"results":[79],"show:":[80],"First,":[81],"our":[82],"baseline":[83,127],"recognizer":[84,112,118],"outperforms":[85],"one":[86],"segmentation-based":[87],"OCR":[88],"product":[89],"with":[90,113],"35%":[91],"relative":[92],"improvement;":[93],"second,":[94],"discriminative":[96],"feature":[97],"compact":[99],"representation,":[100],"state-tying":[102],"technique":[103],"alleviate":[105],"data":[107],"sparsity":[108],"can":[109],"enhance":[110],"high":[114],"confidence.":[115],"final":[117],"has":[119],"improved":[120],"performance":[122],"10.77%":[124],"system.":[128]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
