{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1987973218","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icdar.2007.4377061","title":"Fast Lexicon-Based Scene Text Recognition with Sparse Belief Propagation","display_name":"Fast Lexicon-Based Scene Text Recognition with Sparse Belief Propagation","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1987973218","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icdar.2007.4377061","mag":"1987973218"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icdar.2007.4377061","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icdar.2007.4377061","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210215987","display_name":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition","issn_l":"1520-5363","issn":["1520-5363","2379-2140"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ninth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR 2007) Vol 2","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061152084","display_name":"Jerod Weinman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2247-8174"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24603500","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","ror":"https://ror.org/0072zz521","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"J. Weinman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA","University of Massachusetts: Amherst#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Massachusetts: Amherst#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061152084","display_name":"Jerod Weinman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2247-8174"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24603500","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","ror":"https://ror.org/0072zz521","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Weinman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA","University of Massachusetts: Amherst#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Massachusetts: Amherst#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045674062","display_name":"Erik Learned-Miller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3778-9135"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24603500","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","ror":"https://ror.org/0072zz521","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E. Learned-Miller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA","University of Massachusetts: Amherst#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Massachusetts: Amherst#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045674062","display_name":"Erik Learned-Miller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3778-9135"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24603500","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","ror":"https://ror.org/0072zz521","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E. Learned-Miller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA","University of Massachusetts: Amherst#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Massachusetts: Amherst#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030703335","display_name":"Andrew J. Hanson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6527-6559"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24603500","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","ror":"https://ror.org/0072zz521","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Hanson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA","University of Massachusetts: Amherst#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Massachusetts: Amherst#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030703335","display_name":"Andrew J. Hanson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6527-6559"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24603500","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","ror":"https://ror.org/0072zz521","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Hanson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA","University of Massachusetts: Amherst#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Massachusetts: Amherst#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061152084"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7984,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79536232,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"979","last_page":"983"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bigram","display_name":"Bigram","score":0.8326616287231445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8071380853652954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lexicon","display_name":"Lexicon","score":0.7918751239776611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7211074829101562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.6230694055557251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/belief-propagation","display_name":"Belief propagation","score":0.563350260257721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vocabulary","display_name":"Vocabulary","score":0.5194725394248962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pruning","display_name":"Pruning","score":0.486347496509552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","score":0.48207908868789673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.43679261207580566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.4335378408432007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.43137645721435547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligent-character-recognition","display_name":"Intelligent character recognition","score":0.4212571978569031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3557945787906647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.31837648153305054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character-recognition","display_name":"Character recognition","score":0.3172571063041687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.11657026410102844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08656895160675049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.08410653471946716}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108757681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2773912","display_name":"Bigram","level":3,"score":0.8326616287231445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8071380853652954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778121359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8096","display_name":"Lexicon","level":2,"score":0.7918751239776611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7211074829101562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6230694055557251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152948882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4060686","display_name":"Belief propagation","level":3,"score":0.563350260257721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6499736","display_name":"Vocabulary","level":2,"score":0.5194725394248962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108010975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q500094","display_name":"Pruning","level":2,"score":0.486347496509552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780861071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062934","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.48207908868789673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.43679261207580566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.4335378408432007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.43137645721435547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44868376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3099089","display_name":"Intelligent character recognition","level":4,"score":0.4212571978569031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3557945787906647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.31837648153305054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987247673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167555","display_name":"Character recognition","level":3,"score":0.3172571063041687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.11657026410102844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08656895160675049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.08410653471946716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137546455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3213474","display_name":"Trigram","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icdar.2007.4377061","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icdar.2007.4377061","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210215987","display_name":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition","issn_l":"1520-5363","issn":["1520-5363","2379-2140"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ninth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR 2007) Vol 2","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarworks.umass.edu:cs_faculty_pubs-1737","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cs_faculty_pubs/738","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402240","display_name":"ScholarWorks@UMassAmherst (University of Massachusetts Amherst)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I24603500","host_organization_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computer Science Department Faculty Publication Series","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.413.857","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.413.857","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.grinnell.edu/~weinman/pubs/weinman07fast.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarworks.umass.edu:20.500.14394/10340","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14394/10340","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402240","display_name":"ScholarWorks@UMassAmherst (University of Massachusetts Amherst)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I24603500","host_organization_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"published","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.41999998688697815,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311089","display_name":"National Security Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/0047bvr32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1857926807","https://openalex.org/W2099960657","https://openalex.org/W2104626419","https://openalex.org/W2116773978","https://openalex.org/W2137813581","https://openalex.org/W2137857605","https://openalex.org/W2147880316","https://openalex.org/W2148438840","https://openalex.org/W2159623410","https://openalex.org/W2170727726","https://openalex.org/W6639073361","https://openalex.org/W6680397727","https://openalex.org/W6682082992"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2105076537","https://openalex.org/W1700330385","https://openalex.org/W2002221802","https://openalex.org/W2041167939","https://openalex.org/W2250909759","https://openalex.org/W2562995433","https://openalex.org/W2131111393","https://openalex.org/W2028371633","https://openalex.org/W2020757772","https://openalex.org/W1500873938"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Using":[0],"a":[1,21,59],"lexicon":[2,81,96],"can":[3],"often":[4],"improve":[5],"character":[6,26],"recognition":[7,27,84],"under":[8],"challenging":[9],"conditions,":[10],"such":[11,33],"as":[12,34],"poor":[13],"image":[14],"quality":[15],"or":[16],"unusual":[17],"fonts.":[18],"We":[19,65],"propose":[20],"flexible":[22],"probabilistic":[23],"model":[24],"for":[25,62],"that":[28,45],"integrates":[29],"local":[30],"language":[31],"properties,":[32],"bigrams,":[35],"with":[36,55],"lexical":[37],"decision,":[38],"having":[39],"open":[40],"and":[41,88],"closed":[42],"vocabulary":[43],"modes":[44],"operate":[46],"simultaneously.":[47],"Lexical":[48],"processing":[49],"is":[50],"accelerated":[51],"by":[52,86,99],"performing":[53],"inference":[54],"sparse":[56,89],"belief":[57,90],"propagation,":[58],"bottom-up":[60],"method":[61],"hypothesis":[63],"pruning.":[64],"give":[66],"experimental":[67],"results":[68],"on":[69],"recognizing":[70],"text":[71],"from":[72],"images":[73],"of":[74,95],"signs":[75],"in":[76],"outdoor":[77],"scenes.":[78],"Incorporating":[79],"the":[80,93],"reduces":[82,92],"word":[83],"error":[85],"42%":[87],"propagation":[91],"number":[94],"words":[97],"considered":[98],"97%.":[100]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}