{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7168341670","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccworkshops63917.2026.11586253","title":"Hetero-Net: An Energy-Efficient Resource Allocation and 3D Placement in Heterogeneous LoRa Networks via Multi-Agent Optimization","display_name":"Hetero-Net: An Energy-Efficient Resource Allocation and 3D Placement in Heterogeneous LoRa Networks via Multi-Agent Optimization","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7168341670","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccworkshops63917.2026.11586253"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iccworkshops63917.2026.11586253","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccworkshops63917.2026.11586253","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2026 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC Workshops)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2603.20404","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5140828099","display_name":"Abdullahi Isa Ahmed","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131560","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Mohammed VI Polytechnique","ror":"https://ror.org/03xc55g68","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131560"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdullahi Isa Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P),College of Computing,Benguerir,Morocco"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P),College of Computing,Benguerir,Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131560"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5140921382","display_name":"Ana-Maria Dr\u0103gulinescu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I61641377","display_name":"Universitatea Na\u021bional\u0103 de \u0218tiin\u021b\u0103 \u0219i Tehnologie Politehnica Bucure\u0219ti","ror":"https://ror.org/0558j5q12","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I61641377"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ana-Maria Dr\u0103gulinescu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Politehnica Bucharest,Telecommunications Department,Bucharest,Romania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Politehnica Bucharest,Telecommunications Department,Bucharest,Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61641377"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5140806477","display_name":"El Mehdi Amhoud","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131560","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Mohammed VI Polytechnique","ror":"https://ror.org/03xc55g68","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131560"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"El Mehdi Amhoud","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P),College of Computing,Benguerir,Morocco"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P),College of Computing,Benguerir,Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131560"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":null,"topics":[],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-allocation","display_name":"Resource allocation","score":0.5062999725341797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","score":0.3476000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-management","display_name":"Resource management (computing)","score":0.32190001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/minification","display_name":"Minification","score":0.3165000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.30169999599456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimization-problem","display_name":"Optimization problem","score":0.30000001192092896}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6204000115394592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29202148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287260","display_name":"Resource allocation","level":2,"score":0.5062999725341797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.3476000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.33090001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780609101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156588","display_name":"Resource management (computing)","level":2,"score":0.32190001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147764199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6865248","display_name":"Minification","level":2,"score":0.3165000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.30169999599456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.30000001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.27889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.2759000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.27379998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68781425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2052203","display_name":"Multi-objective optimization","level":2,"score":0.2694000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.2689000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.26109999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2563000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41045048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202843","display_name":"Linear programming","level":2,"score":0.2542000114917755}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iccworkshops63917.2026.11586253","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccworkshops63917.2026.11586253","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2026 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC Workshops)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2603.20404","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.20404","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2603.20404","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2603.20404","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.20404","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2603.20404","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7168341670.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7168341670.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"evolution":[1],"of":[2,4,99,109,120,164],"Internet":[3],"Things":[5],"(IoT)":[6],"into":[7],"multi-layered":[8],"environments":[9],"has":[10],"positioned":[11],"Low-Power":[12],"Wide":[13],"Area":[14],"Networks":[15],"(LPWANs),":[16],"particularly":[17],"Long":[18],"Range":[19],"(LoRa),":[20],"as":[21,50,127],"the":[22,96,100,110,114,125],"backbone":[23],"for":[24],"connectivity":[25,58],"across":[26,59],"both":[27],"surface":[28],"and":[29,44,56,105,116,134,166,171],"subterranean":[30],"landscapes.":[31],"However,":[32],"existing":[33],"LoRa-based":[34],"network":[35,158],"designs":[36],"often":[37],"treat":[38],"ground-based":[39],"wireless":[40,45],"sensor":[41,47],"networks":[42,48],"(WSNs)":[43],"underground":[46],"(WUSNs)":[49],"separate":[51],"systems,":[52],"resulting":[53],"in":[54],"inefficient":[55],"non-integrated":[57],"diverse":[60,75],"environments.":[61],"To":[62,112],"address":[63,135],"this,":[64],"we":[65,123],"propose":[66],"Hetero-Net,":[67],"a":[68,128,138],"unified":[69],"heterogeneous":[70],"LoRa":[71,76,85],"framework":[72],"that":[73,149],"integrates":[74],"end":[77],"devices":[78],"with":[79],"multiple":[80],"unmanned":[81],"aerial":[82],"vehicle":[83],"(UAV)-mounted":[84],"gateways.":[86],"Our":[87],"objective":[88],"is":[89],"to":[90],"maximize":[91],"system":[92],"energy":[93,161],"efficiency":[94,162],"through":[95],"joint":[97],"optimization":[98,142],"spreading":[101],"factor,":[102],"transmission":[103],"power,":[104],"three-dimensional":[106],"(3D)":[107],"placement":[108],"UAVs.":[111],"manage":[113],"dynamic":[115],"partially":[117,129],"observable":[118,130],"nature":[119],"this":[121],"system,":[122],"model":[124],"problem":[126],"stochastic":[131],"game":[132],"(POSG)":[133],"it":[136],"using":[137],"multi-agent":[139],"proximal":[140],"policy":[141],"(MAPPO)":[143],"framework.":[144],"An":[145],"ablation":[146],"study":[147],"shows":[148],"our":[150],"proposed":[151],"MAPPO":[152],"Hetero-Net":[153],"significantly":[154],"outperforms":[155],"traditional,":[156],"isolated":[157,169],"designs,":[159],"achieving":[160],"improvements":[163],"55.81\\%":[165],"198.49\\%":[167],"over":[168],"WSN-only":[170],"WUSN-only":[172],"deployments,":[173],"respectively.":[174]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-18T07:49:30.821534","created_date":"2026-07-16T00:00:00"}
