{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4221155501","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccworkshops53468.2022.9814616","title":"Multi-Output Gaussian Process-Based Data Augmentation for Multi-Building and Multi-Floor Indoor Localization","display_name":"Multi-Output Gaussian Process-Based Data Augmentation for Multi-Building and Multi-Floor Indoor Localization","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-05-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4221155501","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccworkshops53468.2022.9814616"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iccworkshops53468.2022.9814616","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccworkshops53468.2022.9814616","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608034","display_name":"2022 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC Workshops)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC Workshops)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059053145","display_name":"Zhe Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0449-6581"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146655781","display_name":"University of Liverpool","ror":"https://ror.org/04xs57h96","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhe Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool,Liverpool,U.K","Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool,Liverpool,U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021934017","display_name":"Sihao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4231-7455"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146655781","display_name":"University of Liverpool","ror":"https://ror.org/04xs57h96","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sihao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool,Liverpool,U.K","Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool,Liverpool,U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100334907","display_name":"Kyeong Soo Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4123-2647"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I69356397","display_name":"Xi\u2019an Jiaotong-Liverpool University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zmrmn05","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I69356397"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kyeong Soo Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Advanced Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University,Suzhou,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Advanced Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University,Suzhou,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69356397"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003757015","display_name":"Jeremy S. Smith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0212-2365"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146655781","display_name":"University of Liverpool","ror":"https://ror.org/04xs57h96","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeremy Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool,Liverpool,U.K","Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool,Liverpool,U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"361","last_page":"366"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.9678999781608582,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.9564999938011169,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8226287364959717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian-process","display_name":"Gaussian process","score":0.6332108974456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/floor-plan","display_name":"Floor plan","score":0.5585238337516785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5570093393325806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recurrent-neural-network","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","score":0.5174837112426758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4752790033817291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian","display_name":"Gaussian","score":0.46457207202911377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4481316804885864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.43826907873153687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kriging","display_name":"Kriging","score":0.4115489423274994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.40063029527664185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4003589451313019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3648403286933899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3525265157222748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.07821297645568848}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8226287364959717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61326573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1496376","display_name":"Gaussian process","level":3,"score":0.6332108974456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61056293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18965","display_name":"Floor plan","level":2,"score":0.5585238337516785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5570093393325806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147168706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1457734","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","level":3,"score":0.5174837112426758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4752790033817291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.46457207202911377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4481316804885864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.43826907873153687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81692654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q225926","display_name":"Kriging","level":2,"score":0.4115489423274994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.40063029527664185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4003589451313019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3648403286933899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3525265157222748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.07821297645568848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199639397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1788588","display_name":"Engineering drawing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iccworkshops53468.2022.9814616","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccworkshops53468.2022.9814616","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608034","display_name":"2022 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC Workshops)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC Workshops)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5400000214576721,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324032","display_name":"Xi\u2019an Jiaotong-Liverpool University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zmrmn05"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W55912154","https://openalex.org/W1630879738","https://openalex.org/W1898604838","https://openalex.org/W2142959074","https://openalex.org/W2160248236","https://openalex.org/W2781973163","https://openalex.org/W2804446681","https://openalex.org/W2880842812","https://openalex.org/W2896311276","https://openalex.org/W2901566077","https://openalex.org/W2964029185","https://openalex.org/W3015310491","https://openalex.org/W3182944083","https://openalex.org/W4200424595","https://openalex.org/W6685588422","https://openalex.org/W6746752842","https://openalex.org/W6770059212"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W566010457","https://openalex.org/W2600092203","https://openalex.org/W4300066510","https://openalex.org/W2056958800","https://openalex.org/W2803685231","https://openalex.org/W4293503520","https://openalex.org/W3134152097","https://openalex.org/W4311388919","https://openalex.org/W2966696655","https://openalex.org/W2169866437"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Location":[0],"fingerprinting":[1,65],"based":[2,127,200],"on":[3,87,128,173,201],"Received":[4],"Signal":[5],"Strength":[6],"Indicator":[7],"(RSSI)":[8],"has":[9],"become":[10],"a":[11,88,135,143,178,197,239,248],"mainstream":[12],"indoor":[13,76,83,108,206,220],"localization":[14,207,221],"technique":[15],"due":[16],"to":[17,168,267,272],"its":[18],"advantage":[19],"of":[20,25,31,38,51,80,91,102,116,123,177,186,238],"not":[21],"requiring":[22],"the":[23,29,36,42,100,103,112,156,174,187,210,213,223,228,234,252,259,273,278],"installation":[24],"new":[26],"infrastructure":[27],"and":[28,41,68,74,93,141,209,218,257],"modification":[30],"existing":[32],"devices,":[33],"especially":[34,70,110],"given":[35],"prevalence":[37],"Wi-Fi-enabled":[39],"devices":[40],"ubiquitous":[43],"Wi-Fi":[44],"access":[45],"in":[46,106,241,270],"modern":[47],"buildings.":[48],"The":[49,78,184],"use":[50],"Artificial":[52],"Intelligence":[53],"(AI)/Machine":[54],"Learning":[55],"(ML)":[56],"technologies":[57],"like":[58],"Deep":[59],"Neural":[60,203],"Networks":[61],"(DNNs)":[62],"makes":[63],"location":[64],"more":[66],"accurate":[67],"reliable,":[69],"for":[71,82,96],"large-scale":[72],"multi-building":[73,217],"multi-floor":[75,219],"localization.":[77],"application":[79],"DNNs":[81],"localization,":[84],"however,":[85],"depends":[86],"large":[89],"amount":[90],"preprocessed":[92],"deliberately-labeled":[94],"data":[95,104,125,190,237],"their":[97],"training.":[98],"Considering":[99],"difficulty":[101],"collection":[105],"an":[107,243],"environment,":[109],"under":[111],"current":[113],"epidemic":[114],"situation":[115],"COVID-19,":[117],"we":[118],"investigate":[119],"three":[120],"different":[121],"methods":[122,256],"RSSI":[124,159,189,236],"augmentation":[126,191,255],"Multi-Output":[129],"Gaussian":[130,148],"Process":[131,149],"(MOGP),":[132],"i.e.,":[133,212],"by":[134,138,142,180,232,247],"single":[136,144,249],"floor,":[137],"neighboring":[139],"floors,":[140],"building;":[145],"unlike":[146],"Single-Output":[147],"(SOGP),":[150],"MOGP":[151,244],"can":[152],"take":[153],"into":[154],"account":[155],"correlation":[157],"among":[158],"observations":[160],"from":[161,264],"multiple":[162],"Access":[163],"Points":[164],"(APs)":[165],"deployed":[166],"closely":[167],"each":[169],"other":[170,253],"(e.g.,":[171],"APs":[172],"same":[175],"floor":[176],"building)":[179],"collectively":[181],"handling":[182],"them.":[183],"feasibility":[185],"MOGP-based":[188],"is":[192],"demonstrated":[193],"through":[194],"experiments":[195],"using":[196,233],"recently-published":[198],"work":[199],"Recurrent":[202],"Network":[204],"(RNN)":[205],"model":[208,225,245,275],"UJIIndoorLoc,":[211],"most":[214],"popular":[215],"publicly-available":[216],"database;":[222],"RNN":[224,274],"trained":[226,276],"with":[227,277],"UJIIndoorLoc":[229,280],"database,":[230],"augmented":[231],"whole":[235],"building":[240],"fitting":[242],"(i.e.,":[246],"building),":[250],"outperforms":[251],"two":[254],"reduces":[258],"mean":[260],"three-dimensional":[261],"positioning":[262],"error":[263],"8.62":[265],"m":[266,269],"8.42":[268],"comparison":[271],"original":[279],"database.":[281]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}