{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3212044080","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccvw54120.2021.00443","title":"Photon-Limited Object Detection using Non-local Feature Matching and Knowledge Distillation","display_name":"Photon-Limited Object Detection using Non-local Feature Matching and Knowledge Distillation","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3212044080","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccvw54120.2021.00443","mag":"3212044080"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iccvw54120.2021.00443","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccvw54120.2021.00443","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision Workshops (ICCVW)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101908873","display_name":"Chengxi Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6086-1441"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chengxi Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Purdue University,School of Electrical and Computer Engineering,West Lafayette,Indiana,USA","School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purdue University,School of Electrical and Computer Engineering,West Lafayette,Indiana,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101501883","display_name":"Xiangyu Qu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0357-8641"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangyu Qu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Purdue University,School of Electrical and Computer Engineering,West Lafayette,Indiana,USA","School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purdue University,School of Electrical and Computer Engineering,West Lafayette,Indiana,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050750191","display_name":"Abhiram Gnanasambandam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8220-7325"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abhiram Gnanasambandam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Purdue University,School of Electrical and Computer Engineering,West Lafayette,Indiana,USA","School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purdue University,School of Electrical and Computer Engineering,West Lafayette,Indiana,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058209248","display_name":"Omar A. Elgendy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1208-4101"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122411786","display_name":"California Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dxps055","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Omar A. Elgendy","raw_affiliation_strings":["GigaJot Technology Inc.,Pasadena,California,USA","GigaJot Technology Inc., Pasadena, California, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GigaJot Technology Inc.,Pasadena,California,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"GigaJot Technology Inc., Pasadena, California, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102808839","display_name":"Jiaju Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6959-8520"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122411786","display_name":"California Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dxps055","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiaju Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["GigaJot Technology Inc.,Pasadena,California,USA","GigaJot Technology Inc., Pasadena, California, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GigaJot Technology Inc.,Pasadena,California,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"GigaJot Technology Inc., Pasadena, California, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007938446","display_name":"Stanley H. Chan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5876-2073"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stanley H. Chan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Purdue University,School of Electrical and Computer Engineering,West Lafayette,Indiana,USA","School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purdue University,School of Electrical and Computer Engineering,West Lafayette,Indiana,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101908873"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4017,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":37,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90803922,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"3959","last_page":"3970"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11019","display_name":"Image Enhancement Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11019","display_name":"Image Enhancement Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7097834944725037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6255147457122803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6191087961196899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5812650322914124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.5557796955108643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.5079842209815979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4917278587818146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.4823817312717438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4760337173938751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photon","display_name":"Photon","score":0.4668477475643158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4508230686187744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photon-counting","display_name":"Photon counting","score":0.4420982599258423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-vector","display_name":"Feature vector","score":0.43682026863098145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boosting","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","score":0.41459932923316956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.36610713601112366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.23122361302375793}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7097834944725037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6255147457122803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6191087961196899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5812650322914124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.5557796955108643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.5079842209815979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4917278587818146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.4823817312717438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4760337173938751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159317903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3198","display_name":"Photon","level":2,"score":0.4668477475643158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4508230686187744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781402376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17126172","display_name":"Photon counting","level":3,"score":0.4420982599258423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.43682026863098145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46686674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466303","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.41459932923316956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.36610713601112366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.23122361302375793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iccvw54120.2021.00443","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccvw54120.2021.00443","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision Workshops (ICCVW)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":98,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W1912316736","https://openalex.org/W2031489346","https://openalex.org/W2078788688","https://openalex.org/W2080452423","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2109255472","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2127757833","https://openalex.org/W2139375301","https://openalex.org/W2150461190","https://openalex.org/W2150721269","https://openalex.org/W2163353827","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2196753883","https://openalex.org/W2329105088","https://openalex.org/W2346152964","https://openalex.org/W2407521645","https://openalex.org/W2412926690","https://openalex.org/W2480459358","https://openalex.org/W2487469980","https://openalex.org/W2504108613","https://openalex.org/W2504335775","https://openalex.org/W2520164769","https://openalex.org/W2552290192","https://openalex.org/W2555008653","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2769489553","https://openalex.org/W2788991037","https://openalex.org/W2793130599","https://openalex.org/W2796557786","https://openalex.org/W2799265886","https://openalex.org/W2806070179","https://openalex.org/W2886335102","https://openalex.org/W2891330717","https://openalex.org/W2898044248","https://openalex.org/W2925057058","https://openalex.org/W2935842779","https://openalex.org/W2948354154","https://openalex.org/W2949801109","https://openalex.org/W2950800384","https://openalex.org/W2955806498","https://openalex.org/W2962677013","https://openalex.org/W2962855257","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963091558","https://openalex.org/W2963150697","https://openalex.org/W2963200935","https://openalex.org/W2963212638","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2963653352","https://openalex.org/W2963766909","https://openalex.org/W2964046669","https://openalex.org/W2964086649","https://openalex.org/W2964121744","https://openalex.org/W2964286567","https://openalex.org/W2980170825","https://openalex.org/W2985577924","https://openalex.org/W2990578161","https://openalex.org/W2991860863","https://openalex.org/W2998982792","https://openalex.org/W3011749650","https://openalex.org/W3012573144","https://openalex.org/W3013338555","https://openalex.org/W3034239311","https://openalex.org/W3034347506","https://openalex.org/W3034467781","https://openalex.org/W3034539499","https://openalex.org/W3035297694","https://openalex.org/W3035731588","https://openalex.org/W3048373607","https://openalex.org/W3098090606","https://openalex.org/W3102697760","https://openalex.org/W3104147594","https://openalex.org/W3105335430","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W3106912575","https://openalex.org/W3107481791","https://openalex.org/W3108525898","https://openalex.org/W3123014377","https://openalex.org/W3135175777","https://openalex.org/W3149874220","https://openalex.org/W3154466179","https://openalex.org/W3156780717","https://openalex.org/W3161732772","https://openalex.org/W3174120070","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6639102338","https://openalex.org/W6704642153","https://openalex.org/W6714138976","https://openalex.org/W6723574576","https://openalex.org/W6726381175","https://openalex.org/W6746472748","https://openalex.org/W6753494528","https://openalex.org/W6785652829"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2125652721","https://openalex.org/W1540371141","https://openalex.org/W4231274751","https://openalex.org/W2154063878","https://openalex.org/W2556012038","https://openalex.org/W2333896121","https://openalex.org/W2583763619","https://openalex.org/W2145073242","https://openalex.org/W1570592793","https://openalex.org/W2963610131"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Robust":[0],"object":[1,86,95],"detection":[2,87],"under":[3],"photon-limited":[4,85],"conditions":[5],"is":[6,24],"crucial":[7],"for":[8],"applications":[9],"such":[10],"as":[11],"night":[12],"vision,":[13],"surveillance,":[14],"and":[15,55,115],"microscopy,":[16],"where":[17],"the":[18,37,49,53,61,67,73,104,112,120,127,130,141,145,156,161],"number":[19],"of":[20,65,122,129,144,174],"photons":[21],"per":[22,177],"pixel":[23],"low":[25],"due":[26],"to":[27,93,125,139],"a":[28,32,84,98,171],"dark":[29],"environment":[30],"and/or":[31],"short":[33],"integration":[34],"time.":[35],"While":[36],"mainstream":[38],"\"low-light\"":[39],"image":[40,50,109],"enhancement":[41],"methods":[42],"have":[43],"produced":[44],"promising":[45],"results":[46],"that":[47,102],"improve":[48,126],"contrast":[51],"between":[52],"foreground":[54],"background":[56],"through":[57],"advanced":[58],"coloring":[59],"techniques,":[60],"more":[62,164],"challenging":[63],"problem":[64],"mitigating":[66],"photon":[68,158,172,176],"shot":[69],"noise":[70],"inherited":[71],"from":[72],"random":[74],"Poisson":[75],"process":[76],"remains":[77],"open.":[78],"In":[79],"this":[80],"paper,":[81],"we":[82],"present":[83],"framework":[88],"by":[89],"adding":[90],"two":[91],"ideas":[92],"state-of-the-art":[94,151],"detectors:":[96],"1)":[97],"space-time":[99],"non-local":[100],"module":[101],"leverages":[103],"spatial-temporal":[105],"information":[106],"across":[107],"an":[108],"sequence":[110],"in":[111,119,148],"feature":[113,132],"space,":[114],"2)":[116],"knowledge":[117],"distillation":[118],"form":[121],"student-teacher":[123],"learning":[124],"robustness":[128],"detector\u2019s":[131],"extractor":[133],"against":[134],"noise.":[135],"Experiments":[136],"are":[137],"conducted":[138],"demonstrate":[140],"improved":[142],"performance":[143],"proposed":[146],"method":[147],"comparison":[149],"with":[150,155],"baselines.":[152],"When":[153],"integrated":[154],"latest":[157],"counting":[159],"devices,":[160],"algorithm":[162],"achieves":[163],"than":[165],"50%":[166],"mean":[167],"average":[168],"precision":[169],"at":[170],"level":[173],"1":[175],"pixel.":[178]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
