{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2748448865","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccvw.2017.110","title":"3D Morphable Models as Spatial Transformer Networks","display_name":"3D Morphable Models as Spatial Transformer Networks","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2748448865","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccvw.2017.110","mag":"2748448865"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iccvw.2017.110","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccvw.2017.110","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2017 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision Workshops (ICCVW)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1708.07199","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008167424","display_name":"Anil Bas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3833-6023"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52099693","display_name":"University of York","ror":"https://ror.org/04m01e293","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Anil Bas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of York, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of York, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091063851","display_name":"Patrik Huber","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1474-1040"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrik Huber","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Vision, Speech and Signal Processing, University of Surrey, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Vision, Speech and Signal Processing, University of Surrey, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086288842","display_name":"William A. P. Smith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6047-0413"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52099693","display_name":"University of York","ror":"https://ror.org/04m01e293","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William A. P. Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of York, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of York, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100778579","display_name":"Muhammad Awais","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1122-0709"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Awais","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Vision, Speech and Signal Processing, University of Surrey, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Vision, Speech and Signal Processing, University of Surrey, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028209738","display_name":"Josef Kittler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8110-9205"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Josef Kittler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Vision, Speech and Signal Processing, University of Surrey, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Vision, Speech and Signal Processing, University of Surrey, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008167424"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.6071,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":70,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95961905,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"895","last_page":"903"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10719","display_name":"3D Shape Modeling and Analysis","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.76801997423172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.7376340627670288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7140759229660034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.678214967250824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.521190345287323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.49671417474746704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/3d-model","display_name":"3d model","score":0.4537140130996704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solid-modeling","display_name":"Solid modeling","score":0.441917359828949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.07060626149177551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.06979775428771973}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.76801997423172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.7376340627670288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7140759229660034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.678214967250824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.521190345287323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.49671417474746704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019007443","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q568742","display_name":"3d model","level":2,"score":0.4537140130996704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108882727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2991685","display_name":"Solid modeling","level":2,"score":0.441917359828949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.07060626149177551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.06979775428771973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iccvw.2017.110","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccvw.2017.110","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2017 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision Workshops (ICCVW)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1708.07199","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1708.07199","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1708.07199","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1708.07199","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1708.07199","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1708.07199","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4770326006","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/N007743/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W603908379","https://openalex.org/W1963882359","https://openalex.org/W2012885984","https://openalex.org/W2017107803","https://openalex.org/W2027661541","https://openalex.org/W2107037917","https://openalex.org/W2111501452","https://openalex.org/W2145287260","https://openalex.org/W2155211928","https://openalex.org/W2237250383","https://openalex.org/W2325939864","https://openalex.org/W2341600683","https://openalex.org/W2345945060","https://openalex.org/W2464650832","https://openalex.org/W2465108587","https://openalex.org/W2489710028","https://openalex.org/W2495387757","https://openalex.org/W2519131448","https://openalex.org/W2524657946","https://openalex.org/W2547473593","https://openalex.org/W2551540143","https://openalex.org/W2555510177","https://openalex.org/W2560539317","https://openalex.org/W2584229793","https://openalex.org/W2599226450","https://openalex.org/W2602708722","https://openalex.org/W2604240677","https://openalex.org/W2604672468","https://openalex.org/W2737357585","https://openalex.org/W2747233880","https://openalex.org/W2950701417","https://openalex.org/W2951863354","https://openalex.org/W2952074561","https://openalex.org/W2952808330","https://openalex.org/W2953066166","https://openalex.org/W2962686123","https://openalex.org/W2962780596","https://openalex.org/W2963202462","https://openalex.org/W2963278718","https://openalex.org/W2963451207","https://openalex.org/W2964014798","https://openalex.org/W2964145484","https://openalex.org/W4243755239","https://openalex.org/W4297915247","https://openalex.org/W4298236736","https://openalex.org/W4299930316","https://openalex.org/W4385490328","https://openalex.org/W6618372016","https://openalex.org/W6681342084","https://openalex.org/W6700903540","https://openalex.org/W6723856882","https://openalex.org/W6726141277","https://openalex.org/W6729687604"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2052022131","https://openalex.org/W2539894906","https://openalex.org/W3091305751","https://openalex.org/W4225257263","https://openalex.org/W4244364093","https://openalex.org/W2892323418","https://openalex.org/W2110628090","https://openalex.org/W2047666046","https://openalex.org/W1988643100","https://openalex.org/W2073942616"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,56],"show":[4,92],"how":[5],"a":[6,11,19,35,40,83,88,106],"3D":[7,16,63,84],"Morphable":[8],"Model":[9],"(i.e.":[10],"statistical":[12],"model":[13,86],"of":[14,18,21,48,72],"the":[15,49,73,94],"shape":[17],"class":[20],"objects":[22],"such":[23],"as":[24,34],"faces)":[25],"can":[26,96],"be":[27,97],"used":[28],"to":[29,59,81,87,113],"spatially":[30],"transform":[31],"input":[32],"data":[33],"module":[36],"(a":[37],"3DMM-STN)":[38],"within":[39],"convolutional":[41],"neural":[42],"network.":[43],"This":[44],"is":[45,75,111],"an":[46],"extension":[47],"original":[50],"spatial":[51],"transformer":[52],"network":[53,74],"in":[54],"that":[55,93],"are":[57],"able":[58,112],"interpret":[60],"and":[61,66,124],"normalise":[62],"pose":[64,126],"changes":[65],"self-occlusions.":[67],"The":[68],"trained":[69,98],"localisation":[70],"part":[71],"independently":[76],"useful":[77],"since":[78],"it":[79],"learns":[80],"fit":[82],"morphable":[85],"single":[89],"image.":[90],"We":[91],"localiser":[95],"using":[99],"only":[100],"simple":[101],"geometric":[102],"loss":[103],"functions":[104],"on":[105,117],"relatively":[107],"small":[108],"dataset":[109],"yet":[110],"perform":[114],"robust":[115],"normalisation":[116],"highly":[118],"uncontrolled":[119],"images":[120],"including":[121],"occlusion,":[122],"self-occlusion":[123],"large":[125],"changes.":[127]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
